US Pressure Deepens Divide Between Pakistan's Military and Civilian Leadership
美国压力使巴政府和军方关系紧张
Analysts and U.S. officials say American pressure on Pakistan over counterterrorism policy has strained the relationship between that country's government and its military. The two camps differ over how much approval and assistance Pakistan should give to stepped-up U.S. anti-terrorist operations.
分析人士和美国官员说，美国在反恐政策上对巴基斯坦施加的压力导致巴基斯坦政府和军方的关系紧张。这两个阵营在巴基斯坦应当对美国加强反恐行动给予多少许可和支持这个问题上出现分歧。
The honeymoon between Pakistan's powerful military establishment and the newly elected civilian government appears to be short-lived. Analysts say an increase in U.S. unmanned drone attacks and covert operations against suspected terrorist sanctuaries have inflamed public opinion in Pakistan and driven a wedge between the generals and the politicians.
巴基斯坦强大的军方系统和新上台的文职政府之间的蜜月期似乎很短。分析人士说，美国无人驾驶飞机对涉嫌为恐怖分子藏身地发动的袭击和采取的秘密行动，激怒了巴基斯坦民众，并造成了军界和政界的不和。
Larry Goodson, a professor at the U.S. Army War College, says that crack could widen as Pakistan faces more lethal pressure internally from militant attacks and political pressure externally from the United States.
美国陆军战争学院教授古德森说，巴基斯坦在内部面临激进分子袭击带来的致命压力，在外部面临来自美国的政治压力，而且这两股压力都在增加，这可能导致军界和政界间分歧的进一步扩大。
"It really does reflect a split, and maybe a split that could widen and deepen and become a real fissure within Pakistani policymaking and strategy," he said.
他说：“这的确反映了一种分歧，而且这种分歧可能会加大、加深，并成为巴基斯坦决策过程和战略之间的一条真正的裂痕。”
Many people in Pakistan criticized the former military ruler, General Pervez Musharraf, for being too close to the United States. Analysts say there is deep suspicion in the army that the new president, Asif Ali Zardari - Pakistan's first civilian leader in nearly nine years - is embarked on the same path.
在巴基斯坦，许多人批评前军方领导人穆沙拉夫将军和美国过于亲近。分析人士说，巴基斯坦军方非常怀疑新当选的总统扎尔达里，也是巴基斯坦近9年来的第一位文职领导人正在走上和穆沙拉夫同样的道路。
Larry Goodson says the deepening suspicion, along with a growing internal terrorist threat, could hasten a return to military rule in Pakistan, which has vacillated between military and civilian governance since independence from Britain in 1947.
古德森教授说，这种怀疑的加深，以及国内恐怖分子威胁的加剧可能使巴基斯坦加速回到军人统治的局面。自从巴基斯坦1947年脱离英国统治获得独立以来，这个国家一直在军人和文人的统治间摇摆不定。
"The pendulum is swinging more quickly now between military and civilian rule," he said. "I think the military has so much at stake that I don't think that they can afford these sort of long bouts of being off center stage while the civilian politicians sort of screw everything up and go through their rather inept wrangling with each other. So I think, based on that, that the honeymoon, such as it was, was very limited and is already over."
古德森说：“钟摆在军人和文人统治间摇摆地更快了。我认为，这里面牵涉了军方的很多利益，因此他们不能忍受被长期边缘化，让文职政客把事情搞得一团糟并笨拙地争吵不休。出于这些原因，我认为，军方和政界之间的蜜月期很有限，而且已经结束了。”
President Zardari, the husband of assassinated former prime minister Benazir Bhutto, has pledged to cooperate with the United States in eradicating terrorist sanctuaries in the tribal areas. But such cooperation is politically unpopular in Pakistan. Mr. Zardari has also tried to initiate peace talks with militant groups in the tribal areas - a move that has been sharply criticized in the United States.
扎尔达里总统是巴基斯坦遇刺身亡的前总理布托女士的丈夫。他承诺要和美国展开合作，在部落地区根除恐怖分子的藏身处。不过，这种合作在巴基斯坦政界并不受欢迎。扎尔达里还试图同部落地区的激进组织开始进行和平谈判，这一举措受到了美国的强烈批评。
But the recent bombing of the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad that killed more than 50 people also sparked revulsion in Pakistan. Islamic militants sympathetic to the Taliban and al-Qaida have been blamed for the attack.
不过，最近在伊斯兰堡万豪酒店发生的造成50多人死亡的爆炸事件同样在巴基斯坦引起了强烈的反响。人们指责同情塔利班和基地组织的伊斯兰激进分子发动了袭击。
Official sources say Mr. Zardari met secretly with CIA chief Michael Hayden to discuss terrorism and U.S.-Pakistani cooperation during the Pakistani leader's recent visit to the United States.
官方的消息人士说，扎尔达里在最近访问美国时秘密会见了中央情报局局长海登，讨论了恐怖主义问题和美巴两国间的合作。
A controversial component of the issue is the true role of the Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate, which is often labeled the "secret government" of Pakistan. The ISI was responsible in large part for creating the Taliban in the 1990s in order to influence events in neighboring Afghanistan. There is wide perception in U.S. policy and intelligence circles that there is still deep ISI support, if not at the top level in at least some elements, for the Islamic militants in the tribal areas.
这一问题的一个引发争议的部分是经常被人称为巴基斯坦“秘密政府”的巴基斯坦三军情报局真正在发挥的作用。从一定意义上说，三军情报局在上个世纪90年代创立了塔利班组织以影响邻国阿富汗的局势。美国政策和情报界的许多人认为，三军情报局依然相当支持部落地区的伊斯兰激进分子，这种支持甚至可能来自该机构几个部门的领导层。
Shuja Nawaz, an analyst of Pakistani army affairs, says ISI officers who created the Taliban are retired and gone from headquarters, but that Taliban sympathizers are probably still on the payroll as contractors in the field.
巴基斯坦陆军事务分析人士纳瓦兹说，创立塔利班的三军情报局官员已经退休，并离开了总部，但是同情塔利班的人可能还在以合同工的身份在实地工作。
"They may still have relationships with the Afghan mujahedin and with the Taliban, and that's really where the problem may arise, where you may have people who have either strong ambivalence or certainly divided loyalties," Nawaz said.
他说：“他们可能还和阿富汗圣战者及塔利班保持联系，而这正是产生问题的地方，因为这些人可能举棋不定，或者想效忠双方。”
Army chief General Ashfaq Kayani has promised to keep the army out of politics. But Shuja Nawaz points out that that pledge has been made and broken before in Pakistan.
巴基斯坦陆军总参谋长基亚尼承诺，不会让军方干预政治。不过，纳瓦兹指出，巴基斯坦以前也做过这样的承诺，但没有兑现。
"That's what he said, and that's what a number of army chiefs have said before him," said Nawaz. "Sometimes things happen and then they change their minds. So I wouldn't take that to the bank."
他说：“在他之前的许多军事领导人都这么说过。有时，因为某些事情的发生，他们会改变想法。所以我并不完全信任这种说法。”
On Tuesday, General Kayani named General Ahmed Shujaa Pasha as the new ISI chief. In his former post as Director of Military Operations, General Pasha oversaw army operations in the tribal areas. Privately, U.S. officials say they are skeptical about whether the appointment will translate into tougher action against the militants.
星期二，基亚尼任命帕夏将军为三军情报局局长。帕夏曾担任军事行动主任，监督在部落地区的军事行动。美国有关官员私下表示，他们对帕夏上台后将对激进分子采取更强硬行动表示怀疑。
