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Listen to part of a conversation between two students.
请听一段两个学生之间的对话，
The woman is helping the man review for a biology examination.
女同学正在帮助男同学复习生物考试。
OK, so...what do you think we should go over next?
好了，那么我们下一个应该复习什么？
How about if we go over this stuff about how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
不如我们来复习下细菌如何能抵抗抗生素？
OK.Um, but first of all, though, how many pages do we have left?
好的。不过，可以先看下我们还剩多少页吗？
I told my roommate I'd meet her at the library at seven o' clock.
我跟室友约好7点图书馆见。
Ummm...There's only a few pages left. We should be finished in a few minutes.
额，只剩几页了。我们应该几分钟就能搞定。
Ok, so, um…
好吧，那么......
About how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics.
关于细菌怎么变得能抵抗抗生素。
Oh yeah, OK. So you know that some bacteria cells are able to resist the drugs we use against them,
哦是的，好了。你知道有一些细菌细胞能抵抗我们用来消灭它们的药物，
and that's because they have these special genes that, like, protect them from the drugs.
那是因为它们有特殊的基因，保护它们不受药物影响。
Right. If I remember correctly, I think the genes like...weaken the antibiotics,
对的。如果我没记错的话，那些基因会弱化抗生素，
or like...stop the antibiotics from getting into the bacteria cell, something like that?
或者组织抗生素进入细菌细胞，是这样的吗？
Exactly. So when bacteria have these genes, it's very difficult for the antibiotics to kill the bacteria.
正是。所以如果细菌有这些基因的话，抗生素很难杀死细菌。
Right.So, do you remember what those genes are called?
是的。那你记得那些基因叫什么码？
Um…Resistance Genes.
额......抗性基因。
Resistance Genes. Right, resistance genes, OK.
抗性基因。对的，抗性基因，是的。
And that makes sense, right? Because they help the bacteria resist the antibiotics.
很有道理，对吧？因为它们帮助细菌抵抗抗生素。
Yeah, that makes sense, OK.
是的，很有道理。
OK. But the question is: how do bacteria get the resistance genes?
好了。但问题是：细菌如何获得抗性基因？
How do they get the resistance genes? They just inherit them from the parent cell, right?
它们如何获得抗性基因？它们从母细胞中遗传了抗性基因，对吗？
OK, yeah, that's true. They can inherit them from the parent cell, but that's not what I'm talking about.
是的，没错。它们从母细胞中遗传到了抗性记忆，但是我说的不是这个。
Ok.I'm talking about how they get resistance genes from other cells in their environment, you know, from the other cells around them.
好吧。我说的是它们如何从环境中的其他细胞获得抗性基因，从它们周围的细胞。
Oh, I see what you mean. Umm, is that that stuff about "hopping genes," or something like that?
哦，我明白你的意思了。额，是不是跟"弹跳基因"之类的有关？
Right. Although actually they're called "jumping genes," not "hopping genes."
对的。但其实它们叫做"跳跃基因"，而不是"弹跳基因"。
Oh, OK. Jumping genes.
哦，好的。跳跃基因。
Yeah, but they have another name, too, that I can't think of. Umm...let me see if I can find it here in the book...
是的，但是它们还有另外一个名字，我想不起来。额，我看看能不能在书上找到......
I think it's probably on...
我觉得可能是在......
Oh, OK. Here it is. Transposons. That's what they're called.
哦，找到了。在这。转座子。它们也叫这个名字。
Let me see. OK. Trans...po...sons...trans...posons. So "transposon" is another name for a jumping gene?
我看看。好的。转......座......子。所以"转座子"是跳跃基因的另一个叫法？
Right. And these transposons are, you know, like, little bits of DNA that are able to move from one cell to another.
是的。而且这些转座子就像能从一个细胞转移到另一个细胞的一小段DNA。
That's why they're called "jumping genes." They kind of, you know, "jump" from one cell to another.
所以它们被称为"跳跃基因"。它们能从一个细胞"跳"到另一个细胞。
Ok.And these transposons are how resistance genes are able to get from one bacteria cell to another bacteria cell.
懂了。有了这些转座子抗性基因就能从一个细菌细胞转移到另一个细菌细胞。
What happens is that a resistance gene from one cell attaches itself to a transposon
情况是这样的，一个细胞里的抗性基因附上一个转座子，
and then,when the transposon jumps to another cell...
然后当转座子跳到另一个细胞时......
The other cell gets the resistance gene and...Right.
另一个细胞就得到了抗性基因......对。
That's how it becomes resistant to antibiotics.Right.
所以它就变得能抵抗抗生素了。是的。
Wow. That's really cool. So that's how it happens.
哇哦。太酷了。所以就是这样发生的。
That's how it happens.
就是这样发生的。
