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grasses-grass
n.草，草原 v.使吃草，放牧
grasshoppers-grasshopper
n.蚱蜢；轻型飞机
grassland
n.牧草地；草原
In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant.
在美国西部地区，饲养草场为人工栽植。
carbon
n.碳
carbohydrates-carbohydrate
n.碳水化合物，醣
carbonate
n.碳酸盐v.使变成碳酸盐
carboniferous
adj.含碳或煤的
carbonic
adj.碳的；由碳得到的
Many of the more important air pollutants, such as sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, are found in nature.
像硫氧化物、一氧化碳以及氧化氮等空气污染物存在于自然界中。
As the Earth developed, the concentrations of these pollutants were altered by various chemical reactions; they became components in biogeochemical cycle.
随着地球不断变化，污染物通过集中形成化学反应；并成为生物化学循环的基本元素。
whig
n.辉格党（是英国历史上的一个政党）
The Democratic and Whig Parties developed in response to the needs of competing economic and political constituencies.
“共民”两党因经济和政治选区需要而不断发展。
predators-predator
n.掠夺者，食肉动物
predatory
adj.掠夺的，捕食生物的
predation
n.动物的捕食行为
First, the major predators of deer wolves, cougar, and lynx have been greatly reduced in numbers.
首先，鹿群天敌数量不断减少，它们是狼、美洲豹以及猞猁。
particles-particle
n.粒子，极小量
The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles to large boulders.
依体型而论，土壤中的矿物颗粒从微土壤颗粒到大体积卵石。
forces-force
n.力量，势力，武力 v.强迫，推动
force
n.力量，势力，武力 v.强迫，推动
forced
n.力量，势力，武力 v.强迫，推动
Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women were not considered an important force in history.
无选举权，无掌控权，女性不被看作是社会中坚力量。
advanced-advance
n.前进；增长；v.使向前移动；推进，adj.先行的
advancement
n.前进；促进；进展
Some 800 years ago, Alaska's Hubbard Glacier advanced toward the sea, retreated, and advanced again 500 years later.
约800年前，阿拉斯加哈伯冰川移向海洋，退却，并将在500年后再次移向大海。
squares-square
n.广场；方形物
Steam was accumulated in a large, double-acting vertical cylinder, but the steam reached only a few pounds of pressure per square inch.
蒸汽在双作用直立缸中不断积聚，但每平方英寸只会增加几磅压力。
rise
n.上升，上涨，增加 v.上升；上涨
Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy,
沙漠哺乳动物并不试图将体温控制得很低，因为这么做将会涉及水和能量的消耗，
desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles.
而是允许体温上升到平常是高烧的温度——有人在格兰特羚羊身上曾测到高达46摄氏度的体温。
gradually
adv.慢慢地；渐渐地
Then as industrialization became increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way to a technology
随着工业化不断加深，前工业化时期的手工技艺逐渐落后，
based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific methods.
取而代之的是以科学知识和科学方法为基础的系统性应用。
frequently
adv.频繁地，屡次地
frequent
adj.时常发生的
Some humans hunt more frequently than gray wolves.
人类的捕猎次数多于灰狼。
diversity
n.差异；多样性
diverse
adj.不同的；变化多的
diversions-diversion
n.转移
But on reflection it becomes clear that the more critically useful as well as the more frequently employed sense of the term concerns the artfulness of the verbal creation, not its mode of presentation.
但通过再次考虑，口头创作更为实用，且使用更为频繁，它也并不是一种摆设。
