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In modern day, anthropology is a recognized social science with two broad fields and several branches or subfields.
在现代，人类学是一门公认的社会科学，有两大领域和几个分支（即子领域）。
Okay. First, what are the two broad fields?
首先，两大领域是什么？
They are physical anthropology and cultural anthropology.
它们是体质人类学和文化人类学。
Let me give you a brief description of each.
让我给大家分别简单介绍一下。
Physical anthropology is concerned with the development of man as a mammal.
体质人类学研究的是人类作为哺乳动物的发展过程。
Related subjects are anatomy, biology and paleontology.
相关学科有解剖学、生物学和古生物学。
Physical anthropologists study the evolution of the human species.
体质人类学家研究人类物种的进化。
One way they do this is by examining the fossils of what were once living creatures and living primates.
体质人类学的研究方式之一是对一些曾经有生命的生物或灵长类动物的化石进行研究。
Those include human beings. Common fossils are shells, bones and molds and imprints.
其中包括人类。常见的化石有贝壳、骨骼、霉菌和印痕。
These are found buried in the earth or permanently frozen in glaciers.
它们被发现埋在地下或永久冻结在冰川中。
Living primates are analyzed in order to study the mechanics of evolution and genetic differences among human populations.
为了研究人类种群的进化机制和遗传差异，对现存的灵长类动物进行了分析。
Ok. Next, let's talk about cultural anthropology.
好的。接下来，我们来谈谈文化人类学。
This field is the study of learned behavior in human societies.
这个领域是对人类社会中习得行为的研究。
Most cultural anthropologists will limit themselves to a few geographic areas, for example, Margaret Mead in Samoa and New Guinea, and Clyde Kluckhohn, with the Navajo Indians in the southwestern United States.
大多数文化人类学家会把自己限制在几个地理区域，例如玛格丽特·米德研究萨摩亚和新几内亚，克莱德·克鲁克霍恩研究美国西南部的纳瓦霍印第安人。
I should mention that Kluckhohn's work, which is Mirror for Man, is considered one of the best introductions to anthropology.
值得一提的是，克鲁克霍恩的著作《人类的镜子》被认为是最好的人类学介绍性著作之一。
Cultural anthropology and the scientific study of human culture will be discussed in more detail in our next lecture.
我们会在下一讲中更详细地讨论文化人类学和人类文化的科学研究。
Today we just take a brief look at the subfields of cultural anthropology.
今天，我们只是简单地介绍一下文化人类学的分支。
They are archaeology, linguistics, and ethnography.
它们是考古学、语言学和人种学。
So, what is archaeology? It is the study of different cultures through material sources, through historical objects that still remain today rather than direct interviews or observations of the group under study.
什么是考古学？考古学是通过物质来源，通过至今仍然保留的历史物品来研究不同的文化，而不是直接采访或观察所研究的群体。
One famous example of archaeological study is King Tut's Tomb near Luxor, Egypt, which was discovered in 1922.
考古研究的一个著名例子是1922年在埃及卢克索附近发现的图坦卡蒙法老墓。
Another subfield of cultural anthropology is linguistics, as I said just now.
正如我刚才所提到的，文化人类学的另一个分支是语言学。
As you probably know, linguistics is the study of language as communication among humans.
你可能已经知道，语言学是以人类交流语言为研究对象的学科。
Culture is learned and transmitted primarily through language.
文化主要是通过语言学习和传播的。
