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The Republic of China
中华民国
Anti-Japanese War
抗日战争
Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population, Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex- Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet regime of Manchukuo in 1932.
迫于人口增长的压力和对原材料的需求，日本在1931年9月夺取了东北三省，并胁迫前清末代皇帝溥仪建立了满洲国傀儡政府。
The loss of Manchuria, and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries, was a blow to the Nationalist economy.
东北三省沦陷，失去了其巨大的工业和军工发展潜力，极大打击了国民经济。
The League of Nations, established at the end of World War I, was unable to act in the face of the Japanese defiance.The Japanese began to push from south of the Great Wail into northern China and into the coastal provinces.
一战结束后建立的国际联盟，在面对日本的挑衅时无所作为，日本便开始从长城以南向中国北部和沿海省份推进。
Chinese fury against Japan was predictable, but anger was also directed against the Guomindang government, which at the time was more preoccupied with anti-Communist extermination campaigns than with resisting the Japanese invaders.
中国人对于日本的愤恨是可以理解的，但愤怒一样针对国民党政府，后者在当时更专注于反共运动而非抗击日本侵略者。
The importance of “internal unity before external danger” was forcefully brought home in December 1936, when Nationalist troops (who had been ousted from Manchuria by the Japanese) mutinied at Xi’an.
直到1936年12月，被日本从东北驱逐的国军在西安发动兵变，使国民党确立了“停止内战，一致抗日”的重要思想。
The mutineers forcibly detained Chiang Kai-shek for several days until he agreed to cease hostilities against the Communist forces in northwest China and to assign Communist units combat duties in designated anti-Japanese front areas.
叛变者强行扣留了蒋介石好几天，直到他答应停止对中国西北共产党军队的敌对行为，并在抗日前线地区给共党部队分配作战任务。
The Chinese resistance stiffened after July 7, 1937, when a clash occurred between Chinese and Japanese troops outside Beijing (then renamed Beiping ) near the Marco Polo Bridge.
1937年7月7日,中日军队在北京(当时叫做北平)外的卢沟桥发生冲突，中国开始全面抗日。
This skirmish not only marked the beginning of open, though undeclared, war between China and Japan but also hastened the formal announcement of the second Guomindang-CCP united front against Japan.
卢沟桥事变不仅标志着日本侵华战争的开始，还加速了国共第二次合作关于建立统一战线的正式声明。
The collaboration took place with salutary effects for the beleaguered CCP.
合作给身处合围中的共产党带来了好处。
The distrust between the two parties, however, was scarcely veiled.
然而双方却毫不掩饰对对方的不信任。
The uneasy alliance began to break down after late 1938, despite Japan’s steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions, and the rich Chang Jiang Valley in central China.
1938年底，尽管日本不断占领中国北部、沿海区域和中部富饶的长江流域，两党不稳定的联盟最终还是土崩瓦解。
After 1940, conflicts between the Nationalists and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control.
1940年以后，在非沦陷区国共军队的冲突更为频繁。
The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations, administrative reforms, and the land- and tax-reform measures favoring the peasants while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence.
共产党抓住一切机会通过群众组织、行政改革和土地税收改革帮助农民，扩大其自身的影响力，国民党则试图消除共产主义思想的传播。
At Yan’an and elsewhere in the “liberated areas”, Mao was able to adapt Marxism-Leninism to Chinese conditions.
在延安和其他“解放区”，毛泽东找到了一条适合中国现状的马克思列宁主义。
He taught party cadres to lead the masses by living and working with them, eating their food, and thinking their thoughts.
他教育党员干部们想要领导人民，必须和他们生活工作在一起，食其所食，想其所想。
The Red Army fostered an image of conducting guerrilla warfare in defense of the people.
红军因此被树立成打游击战，保卫人民的形象。
Communist troops adapted to changing wartime conditions and became a seasoned fighting force.
他们适应战时环境变化，成为了一支经验丰富的军队。
Mao also began preparing for the establishment of a new China.
毛泽东也着手构建新中国的蓝图。
In 1940 he outlined the program of the Chinese Communists for an eventual seizure of power.His teachings became the central tenets of the CCP doctrine that came to be formalized as Mao Zedong Thought.
1940年，他规划了一条帮助共产党获得政权的路线，他的学说也被编入了中国共产党党章，并被归纳为毛泽东思想。
With skillful organizational and propaganda work, the Communists increased party membership from 100 000 in 1937 to 1.2 million by 1945.
由于卓有成效的宣传和组织工作，共产党党员数量从1937年的10万人增加到1945年的120万人。
In 1945 China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but actually a nation economically prostrate and on the verge of all-out civil war.
1945年，中国名义上通过战争展现出强大的军事力量，然而事实上，国家经济萎靡，全国处在内战的边缘。
The economy deteriorated, sapped by the military demands of foreign war and internal strife, by spiraling inflation, and by Nationalist profiteering, speculation, and hoarding.
因为外部战争和内乱，通货膨胀和国民党政府内部提高物价，囤积居奇，经济情况持续恶化。
Starvation came in the wake of the war, and millions were rendered homeless by floods and the unsettled conditions in many parts of the country.
国家有数百万人因为洪灾和不稳定局势无家可归，饿殍遍野。
The situation was further complicated by an Allied agreement at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 that brought Soviet troops into Manchuria to hasten the termination of war against Japan.
1945年2月雅尔塔会议使局势愈加复杂，苏联军队进驻满洲国，加速了抗战结束的脚步。
Although the Chinese had not been present at Yalta, they had been consulted； they had agreed to have the Soviets enter the war in the belief that the Soviet Union would deal only with the Nationalist government.
尽管中国无人出席该会议，但是他们的意见被转达，同意苏军介入战争，因为国民党坚信苏联只会和他们合作。
After the war, the Soviet Union, as part of the Yalta agreements allowing a Soviet sphere of influence in Manchuria, dismantled and removed more than half the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese.
战争结束后，作为雅尔塔协定的一部分，苏联拆除转移了日本留在满洲的超半数工业设备，并获准保留对于满洲国的部分控制。
The Soviet presence in northeast China enabled the Communists to move in long enough to arm themselves with the equipment surrendered by the withdrawing Japanese army.
由于苏军驻扎在东北，共产党军队有足够时间装备投降日军的武器。
The problems of rehabilitating the formerly Japanese-occupied areas and of reconstructing the nation from the ravages of a protracted war were staggering, to say the least.
可以这么说，恢复沦陷区和重建受旷日持久战争影响的国家困难重重。
