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QIng Dynasty
清朝
The Hundred Days’ Reform
百日维新
In the 103 days from June 11 to September 21, 1898, the Qing emperor, Guangxu (1875—1908), ordered a series of reforms aimed at making sweeping social and institutional changes.
从1898年的6月11日到11月21日间的103天，清朝的光绪帝（1875——1908）下令进行一系列改革，致力于创造全面的社会和制度改变。
This effort reflected the thinking of a group of progressive scholar-reformers who had impressed the court with the urgency of making innovations for the nation’s survival.
这场改革反映了一群先进的改革家的想法， 他们让朝廷意识到为了国家的存亡进行改革的紧迫性。
Influenced by the Japanese success with modernization, the reformers declared that China needed more than “self-strengthening” and that innovation must be accompanied by institutional and ideological change.
受日本现代化改革成功地影响，改革者声称中国需要的不仅仅是“自强”，而革新必须伴随着制度和思想上的改变。
The imperial edicts for reform covered a broad range of subjects, including stamping out corruption and remaking, among other things, the academic and civil-service examination systems, legal system, governmental structure, defense establishment, and postal services.
改革的诏令包含了广泛的主题，其中包括铲除腐败并重建学术和官员考试系统、法律体系、政府结构、国防建设以及邮政服务。
The edicts attempted to modernize agriculture, medicine, and mining and to promote practical studies instead of Neo-Confucian orthodoxy.
法令试图将农业、医药和矿业现代化并促进实践研究以代替儒家正统思想。
The court also planned to send students abroad for firsthand observation and technical studies.
清廷还决定将学生送到海外学习，使他们进行直接的观察和技术学习。
All these changes were to be brought about under a de facto constitutional monarchy.
所有这些改变都由实际上的君主立宪制带来。
Opposition to the reform was intense among the conservative ruling elite, especially the Manchus, who, in condemning the announced reform as too radical, proposed instead a more moderate and gradualist course of change.
保守统治精英阶层对此改革的反对非常强烈，尤其是满族人，他们指责改革过于激进，提倡更为温和和渐进式的改变。
Supported by ultraconservative and with the tacit support of the political opportunist Yuan Shikai (1859—1916), Empress Dowager Ci Xi engineered a coup on September 21, 1898, forcing the young reform-minded Guangxu into seclusion.
受极端保守主义者和政治投机分子袁世凯（1859——1916）的支持，慈禧太后在1898年11月21日策划了一场政变，逼迫年轻的、具有改革思想的光绪帝退位。
Ci Xi took over the government as regent.
慈禧拦过掌控政府的大权。
The Hundred Days’ Reform ended with the rescindment of the new edicts and the execution of six of the reform’s chief advocates.
“百日维新”以废除新法令和杀害六位改革的主创者而告终。
The two principal leaders, Kang Youwei (1858—1927) and Liang Qichao (1873—1929), fled abroad to found the Baohuang Hui (or Protect the Emperor Society) and to work, unsuccessfully, for a constitutional monarchy in China.
两位主要的领导者，康有为（1858——1927）和梁启超（1873——1929）逃往国外建立了保皇会，他们没能成功在中国建立君主立宪制。
The conservatives then gave clandestine backing to the antiforeign and anti-Christian movement of secret societies known as Yihetuan (or Society of Righteousness and Harmony).
接着，保守党给予了排外和反基督教运动的机密组织义和团以秘密支持，这场运动在西方被称为“义合拳”。
The movement has been better known in the West as the Boxers (from an earlier name Yihequan, or Righteousness and Harmony Boxers).
1900年，义合拳的队伍遍布了中国北部乡村，他们烧毁了传教设施并杀掉了中国的基督教徒。
In 1900 Boxer bands spread over the north China countryside, burning missionary facilities and killing Chinese Christians.
最终，到1900年6月，义合拳包围了北京和天津的外国租界。
Finally, in June 1900, the Boxers besieged the foreign concessions in Beijing and Tianjin, an action that provoked an allied relief expedition by the offended nations.
这个行为引发了被冒犯国家的联合救援行动。
The Qing declared war against the invaders, who easily crushed their opposition and occupied north China.
清朝向侵略军宣战，这些入侵者轻易地就摧毁了他们的反抗并占领了中国北部。
Under the Protocol of 1901, the court was made to consent to the execution of ten high officials and the punishment of hundreds of others, expansion of the Legation Quarter, payment of war reparations, stationing of foreign troops in China, and razing of some Chinese fortifications.
根部1901年的协议，朝廷被要求统一裁决10位高级官员，惩罚剩下的几百人，扩张使馆区，支付战争赔款，允许国外军队在中国的驻扎并且拆除中国的一些防御设施。
In the decade that followed, the court belatedly put into effect some reform measures.
接下来的10年，朝廷延迟进行一些有效的改革措施。
These included the abolition of the moribund Confucian-based examination, educational and military modernization patterned after the model of Japan, and an experiment, if half-hearted, in constitutional and parliamentary government.
这些改革包括废除无用的科举制度，以日本改革为模型的教育和军事现代化以及对于宪法和议会政府的稍加试验。
The suddenness and ambitiousness of the reform effort actually hindered its success.
改革工作的突然性和其野心实际上阻碍了它的成功。
One effect, to be felt for decades to come, was the establishment of new armies, which, in turn, gave rise.
它的一个作用是对于新军队的建立，它取得了反响却在几十年后才得到了人们的认可。
