9. Roman Republic and Empire 罗马共和国和罗马帝国 (公元前100年-公元100年)
The rap on the Romans is they stole their culture from Greece, but it’s not really true. The Romans borrowed freely from the Greeks but excelled in different fields — engineering, architecture, satire, and ethics (the Stoic tradition peaked in Rome, a little later, with the writings of Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius). No other society except Greece (and perhaps England or China) ever made greater cultural contributions. At about the same time, Chinese culture reached its greatest geographic extent with the Han Empire.
人们往往指责罗马人偷盗了希腊文化,但其实这并非事实。罗马人自由地借鉴希腊文明,但却更擅长于一些的领域——工程学、建筑学、讽刺文学和伦理学(稍后的时期里,禁欲主义通过埃皮克提图(Epictetus)和马克 奥里利乌斯(Marcus Aurelius)的著作在罗马达到顶峰)。除了希腊(也许还有英格兰或者中国)之外,没有任何的社会为文化做出了如此巨大的贡献。几乎同时,中国汉朝文化延伸了其最大的地理版图。