"People realized that love could be the reason for a marriage. They gradually gave up the old idea of sex as reserved for having children. They began to see sex as a way of expressing love and affection, and for the pleasure of body and soul," says Chen Mingxia.

陈明霞（音译）表示：“那时人们意识到结婚是为了爱。他们逐渐摒弃了之前‘传宗接代’的两性观念。他们开始将性视为表达爱与情感、追求身心快乐的一种方式。”

Love, affection and enjoyment became the standard by which many people judged the quality of their marriage.

爱意、感情以及快乐成为许多人衡量婚姻好坏的标准。

Later the influence of Western-style sexual liberation affected marriage stability and in the 1990s, some old practices returned.

后来，西方“性解放”对婚姻的稳定性造成了威胁。在上世纪90年代，一些旧习俗再次死灰复燃。

Keeping an er nai, a concubine, or second wife, became a social phenomenon in big cities like Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Beijing and Shanghai. Many young women of low social status were willing to be kept by wealthy older men. Some even bore children with their sugar daddies

在深圳、广州、北京、上海这些大城市中，包二奶成为一种社会现象。很多社会地位不高的年轻女性情愿被上了岁数的富翁包养。一些人甚至为所谓的“干爹”生儿育女。

"This not only jeopardized the legal rights of the women in the marriage. The rights of the er nai and their illegitimate children couldn't be realized either," says Chen Mingxia.

陈明霞说：“这不仅损害了女性在婚姻中的合法权利，二奶及其私生子的权利也无法得到保障。”