Not all luck-bringing papers are couplets. Some are four-character-phrases that express traditional sentiments(感情)for a rich and bountiful spring. Still others are single characters,for example,the Chinese character "fu ( 福)",meaning luck,blessings,happiness and good fortune.
The character "fu" is everywhere during the festival. On the doors of shops and families and even in rooms,people like to paste high the "fu" character calligraphed on red paper.
Fu (福 )is written on the paper squares,which can be pasted normally or upside down,for in Chinese the "reversed fu" is homophonic with "fu dao le" pronounced as "fu comes". The upside down fu becomes a pun that implies "good fortune has arrived". Thus,the paper squares represent the "arrival" of spring and the "coming" of prosperous year.
春节,在许多家庭院落的门窗上,往往会看到一些倒贴着的大红“福”字,这可 算得上是我国人民的一个传统习俗了。据《梦粱录》记载:“士庶家不论大小, 俱洒扫门闾,去尘秽,净庭户,换门神,挂钟馗,钉桃符,贴春牌,祭祀祖宗。 ”文中的“贴春牌”即是写在红纸上的“福”字。
据说,“福”字倒贴的习俗来自清代恭亲王府。一年春节前夕,大管家为讨主子 欢心,照例写了许多个“福”字让人贴于库房和王府大门上,有个家人因不识字 ,误将大门上的“福”字贴倒了。为此,恭亲王福晋十分恼火,多亏大管家能言善辩,跪在地上奴颜婢膝地说:“ 奴才常听人说,恭亲王寿高福大造化大,如今大福真的到(倒)了,乃吉庆之兆 。”
福晋听罢心想,怪不得过往行人都说恭亲王府福到(倒)了,吉语说千遍,金银 增万贯,一高兴, 便重赏了管家和那个贴倒福的家人。事后,倒贴“福”字之俗就由达官府第传入百姓人家,并都愿过往行人或顽童念 叨几句:“福到了,福到了!”
“福”字倒贴在民间还有一则传说。明太祖朱元璋当年用“福”字作暗记准备杀 人。好心的马皇后为消除这场灾祸,令全城大小人家必须在天明之前都在自家门上贴上一个“福”字。
马皇后的旨意自然没人敢违抗,于是家家门上都贴了“福”字。其中有户人家不 识字,竟把“福”字贴倒了。第二天,皇帝派人上街查看,发现家家都贴了“福 ”字,还有一家把“福”字贴倒了。皇帝听了禀报大怒,立即命令御林军把那家 满门抄斩。马皇后一看事情不好,忙对朱元璋说:“那家人知道您今日来访,故 意把福字贴倒了,这不是'福到'的意思吗?”皇帝一听有道理,便下令放人,一场大祸终于消除了。从此,人们便将“福”字倒贴起来,一求吉利,二为纪念马皇后。