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奥巴马总统可以制止枪击暴力吗
At least 355 mass shootings have occurred in the United States in 2015. That’s more than one every day, with the most recent claiming 14 lives in San Bernardino, California. After every major shooting tragedy, the bulk of the conversation is focused on gun control, with many blaming President Barack Obama for either doing too much, or not enough. So, can Obama actually stop gun violence?
2015年，美国共发生了至少355起群众性枪击事件。也就是每天超过一起。最新一起枪击案发生在加利福尼亚的圣贝纳迪诺，夺走了14人的生命。每次重大枪击惨案后，对话都集中在枪支控制方面。许多人谴责奥巴马总统做得太多，或者做得不够。那么，奥巴马总统能够制止枪击暴力吗？
Well, debates on how to stop mass shootings tend to either call for the elimination of guns, or the promotion of gun rights. In either case, the only method to change the current legal situation is by passing, and enforcing new laws. However, the President’s scope within the US government’s separation of powers severely limits his ability to singlehandedly change the law.Article I, Section 7 of the Constitution allows Obama to pass or block legislation, however the job of crafting new laws is within the domain of Congress. Despite the President’s speeches calling for gun control, he cannot actually implement new laws by himself. He can, of course, attempt to influence Congress.
关于制止大规模枪击案的辩论倾向于呼吁取缔枪支，或者推出枪击所有权。无论哪种情况，改变目前的司法形势的唯一方法是通过并执行新的法律。然而，总统在美国政府分权制度下的权力范围限制了他单枪匹马改变法律的能力。宪法第七部分第一款允许奥巴马通过或阻止法律，然而起草新法律是国会的权利范围。尽管总统讲话呼吁控制枪支，他却不能一个人实施新的法律。当然，他可以试图影响国会。
But the past two terms have shown that the President has very little power over Congressional opinion. There IS the possibility of Obama passing an executive order to bypass Congress. Executive orders are effectively laws which do not need Congressional approval. President Obama has actually passed more than 200 already, although Ronald Reagan passed nearly 400, and FDR passed 3 and a half thousand. But executive orders are not infallible decrees, they are subject to strict review by the third branch of government,the federal judiciary. Perhaps most importantly,they must still follow the constitution. Obama HAS already passed twenty-three executive ACTIONS in support of gun control. However these carry no legal weight, and are not treated like laws in the same way executive ORDERS are.
但是，过去的两届任期表明，总统对国会的意见几乎没有影响力。还有一种可能，总统可以颁布行政命令，绕过国会。行政命令是有效的法律，不需国会批准。目前奥巴马总统已经通过了超过200条行政命令，而里根总统通过了近400条，富兰克林· 德拉诺·罗斯福通过了3500条。但是行政命令不是绝对可靠的法令，需要经过政府第三方，联邦司法机构的严格审核。或许最重要的是，行政命令也必须符合宪法规定。奥巴马已经通过了支持控制枪支的23条行政命令。然而，这些没有任何司法意义，而且行政命令也不会受到与法律同等的对待。
Without the approval and support of the other two branches of government, the President’s powers are actually very limited. While Obama has extraordinary influence over US law, he is not a king or a dictator. But even though Obama doesn’t control Congress, US citizens do! If you want to affect change in politics, and live in the US, then write a letter, send an e-mail, or make a phone call to your Congressional Representative. And please don’t forget vote!
没有政府其他两个部门的批准和支持，总统的权利实际上非常有限。尽管奥巴马对美国法律有着非常重大的影响力，然而他不是国王或独裁者。但是尽管奥巴马并不控制国会，美国公民却可以。如果你想要改变政治，而且你居住在美国，你可以向国会议员发送电子邮件或打电话。不要忘记投票。
Ideally, U.S. citizens would live in a country free of gun violence and mass shootings. For now, the U.S. has more mass shootings than any other developed country. Why is this?
理想的情况是，美国公民应该生活在没有枪支暴力和大规模枪击事件的国家。现在，美国比其他任何发达国家的大规模枪击案都多。为什么会这样呢？
