13. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect:family risk has risen as well.

【分析】并列句。but连接两个互为转折关系的分句，两个分句都是简单句；第二个分句冒号后的部分补充说明side effect.
【译文】学者、政策制定者以及形形色色的评论家就这些变化的社会意义展开了讨论,但是却很少有人看到其副作用：家庭风险也提高了。

14. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback — a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.

【分析】多重复合句。主句主干为they have lost the parachute。they once had…setback 为省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰parachute;破折号后的a back-up earner ( usually Mom)是破折号前 parachute 的同位语, 之后接who引导的定语从句，该从句中包含if引导的条件状语从句。
【译文】结果，他们失去了在财政困难时曾经拥有的救护伞—在家庭的主要经济支柱失业或病倒时出去工作的“候补养家人”(通常是妈妈）。
【点拨】parachute的字面意思是“降落伞”，但在本句中引申为“保护，保护伞”。