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7. empiricism n.经验主义
Scientists require observable data, not -------, to support a hypothesis; sound science is grounded
in ------- results rather than speculation.
(A) induction . . diminutive
(B) experimentation . . pragmatic
(C) intuition . . fiscal
(D) bombast . . theoretical
(E) conjecture . . empirical
从这道题里我们可以看出empirical和speculative是两种截然相反的科学态度。
8. hedonism n.享乐主义，享乐
9. jingoism(读音，靖国神社) n.沙文主义，侵略主义
10. nihilism n.虚无主义，无政府主义
11. optimism n.乐观主义
12. patriotism n.爱国主义，爱国心 <>treachery/betray 叛国
13. pragmatic adj.实际的,实用主义的 pragmatism n.实用主义
In a ______ society that worships efficiency, it is difficult for a sensitive and idealistic person to make the kinds of ______ decisions that alone spell success as it is defined by such a society.
A) bureaucratic … edifying
B) pragmatic … hardheaded
C) rational…well-intentioned
D) competitive… evenhanded
E) modern … dysfunctional
14. reciprocity n.互惠主义，相互利益
15. totalitarian adj.极权主义的
16. Idealism: 如共产主义也好，社会主义也好，为此奋斗不已，而且没有功利的念头，这就是idealism，理想主义;与此相对的则是materialism，现实主义
The world of Hernrich Boll’s early novels is one of impersonal malice, thinly camouflaged with patriotic and other___ clichés, in which relief is provided only by occasional___ of genuine human emotion.
(A) pragmatic, absences
(B) ideological, manifestations
(C) conceptual, lapses
(D) ephemeral, loss
(E) scholarly, vestiges
填空题做题方法就不讲了，这里ideological是理想的意思。
17. Practicality：就是materialism的意思。
18. Expectation：期待，期望，是对将要发生的事情一种美好的愿望。
19. Reality：是现在所正在发生的事情。
(三)延续性动词动作内涵
1.Speculation：the act of forming opinions about what has happened or what might happen without knowing all the facts. 在有限信息基础上的推测，所以这个推测总不是那么的准。此外speculation还表示投机。
2.Investigation：正好是speculation相对的概念，指科学的实际调查。
3.Anticipation：the act of predicting (as by reasoning about the future)，pleasure expectation，所以anticipation表示美好的愿望，而且是有根有据的，而不像speculation，是建立在很少的事实的基础上的。
4.Generosity：慷慨的，情景很简单，generosity，generous(来自于gen)，我们复习一下表示慷慨的一些单词 magnanimous(mag大+anim生命)，还有benevolent，charitable等
5.Possessive：desirous of owning 占有欲的
