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Jam: to become unable to move or work; to make something do this （使）卡住，不能动弹，不能运转 ~ (sth) (up)
The photocopier keeps jamming up. 这复印机总是卡纸。 V
There's a loose part that keeps jamming the mechanism. 有个零件松了经常卡住机器。 VN
The valve has jammed shut. 阀门给卡住了打不开。 V-ADJ
He jammed the door open with a piece of wood. 他用一块木头卡住门让它开着。
Initiative: the power or opportunity to act and gain an advantage before other people do 掌握有利条件的能力（或机会）；主动权 singular
to seize/lose the initiative 掌握╱丧失先机
It was up to the US to take the initiative in repairing relations. 在修复关系方面应由美国采取主动。
Commute: to travel regularly by bus, train, car, etc. between your place of work and your home （乘公共汽车、火车、汽车等）上下班往返，经常往返（于两地） V
She commutes from Oxford to London every day. 她每天上下班往返于牛津与伦敦之间。
He spent that year commuting between New York and Chicago. 那年他穿梭来往于纽约与芝加哥之间。
I live within commuting distance of Dublin. 我住在离都柏林上下班可乘公交车往返的地方。
People are prepared to commute long distances if they are desperate for work. 亟需得到工作的人会愿意长途乘车往返上下班。 VN
Elaborate: to explain or describe something in a more detailed way 详尽阐述；详细描述 ~ (on/upon sth)
He said he was resigning but did not elaborate on his reasons. 他说他准备辞职但未详细说明原因。 V
She went on to elaborate her argument. 她进而详尽阐述了她的论点。
Metropolis: a large important city (often the capital city of a country or region) 大都会；大城市；首都；首府
