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SKULL FRACTURE
颅骨骨折
With the wide availability of CT scans, skull X-rays are rarely taken to diagnose head injury.
随着各类CT扫描的不断应用，医生很少通过颅骨X光射线诊断脑损伤。
If a head injury exists, the health care practitioner will feel or palpate the scalp and skull to determine if there may be a skull fracture.
若真的存在，医务人员可以察觉，或通过触摸头皮和颅骨来确诊颅骨骨折。
A nervous system exam may be done assessing brain function.
通过神经系统检测判断大脑机能。
Fractures of the base of the skull may cause hemotympanum (blood behind the ear drum) ,
颅底骨折将造成鼓室积血（耳膜后方积血），
Battle's sign (bruising behind the ear) , or raccoon eyes (bruising surrounding the orbits of the eyes).
巴特尔氏征（耳部后方淤血），或浣熊眼（眼框周围瘀血）。
The skull is a flat, compact bone and it takes significant force to break it.
颅骨非常致密，且呈扁平状，若要致颅骨骨折需要强大的作用力。
If a skull fracture exists, there is an increased likelihood of bleeding in the brain, especially in children.
若颅骨骨折，特别是儿童的脑出血可能性增加。
Minor head injury is defined as no witnessed loss of consciousness, no definite amnesia,
轻度脑损伤包括意识丧失，失忆症或定向力障碍，
and no witnessed disorientation in patients with a GCS (Glasgow Coma Score) score of 15.
病患的格拉斯哥昏迷指数为满分15分。
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT OF A FRACTURE?
骨折的治疗方法
Initial treatments for fractures of the arms, legs, hands and feet in the field include splinting the extremity in the position it is found, elevation and ice.
胳臂、腿部、手部以及脚部的最初治疗法包括在骨折末端实施夹板固定，抬高骨折部位以及冰敷。
Immobilization will be very helpful with initial pain control.
固定对于缓解疼痛效果显著。
For injuries of the neck and back, many times, first responders or paramedics may choose to place the injured person on a long board
对于颈部和背部遭受多次损伤的患者，急救人员或护理人员会选择将患者放置在长条木板上，
and in a neck collar to protect the spinal cord from potential injury.
穿戴护颈套防止脊髓受伤。
Once the fracture has been diagnosed, the initial treatment for most limb fractures is a splint.
一旦确诊骨折，多数肢体骨折的最初诊疗措施都是固定。
Padded pieces of plaster or fiberglass are placed over the injured limb and wrapped with gauze and an elastic wrap to immobilize the break.
将石膏或玻璃纤维放置在患处，用织布和弹性绷带固定。
The joints above and below the injury are immobilized to prevent movement at the fracture site.
患处上下关节将被固定，以免造成骨折处移动。
This initial splint does not go completely around the limb.
肢体不会被夹板完全固定。
After a few days, the splint is removed and replaced by a circumferential cast.
几天后，医生将移除夹板，用环形石膏代替。
Circumferential casting does not occur initially because fractures swell (edema).
由于骨折处会出现水肿，所以不会提前使用环形石膏。
This swelling could cause a build up of pressure under the cast, yielding increased pain and the potential for damage to the tissues under the cast.
石膏下部会因水肿产生压力，增加疼痛感，下部组织也有损伤危险。
However, if the fracture required reduction (putting the bones back into alignment) there might be a need for circumferential cast to keep the ones in place.
若骨折处需要复位，那么就需要环形石膏复位。
译文属可可英语原创，未经允许，不得转载。
