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An X-ray examination of the scull and cervical spine is the first X-ray study performed when there is possible injury to the head or cervical spine.
当怀疑头部或者颈椎受到损伤时，对颅骨和颈椎进行的X射线检查是对患者X光研究的第一步。
Fractures, tumor, and hematomas may be shown on these studies.
研究结果中可能会发现有骨裂、肿瘤和血肿。
The pneumoencephalogram, PEG, involves introduction of air into the brain's ventricles and subarachnoid space and the removal of some cerebral spinal fluid.
气脑造影的步骤包括向脑室系统和颅内蛛网膜下腔充气、放出脑脊液。
It may visualize any abnormalities of these structures on X-ray film.
通过气脑造影可以看到以上结构中的任何异常。
It is important that the nurse take vital signs before the PEG in order that baseline values can be established.
十分重要的一项是进行气脑造影之前护士测量患者的生命体征，这样可以有一个基准值。
Generally, physicians will order the patient to have nothing by mouth after midnight before the procedure.
通常情况下，接受手术之前医生会叮嘱患者从午夜开始不要通过口腔进食。
The patient may complain of noises in the head during and after the procedure, which were due to the presence of the air in the ventricles.
手术过程中和术后患者可能会反应脑中存在噪音，这是因为脑室中还存有空气。
The noises would disappear when the air is absorbed.
当空气被吸收之后噪音也会随之消失。
Patients are generally encouraged to drink more water.
通常会建议患者多喝水，
This may be difficult when the patient is experiencing nausea and vomitting, along with a severe headache.
但是由于患者正经历反胃、呕吐和剧烈头疼，做到这一点可能会有些难度。
It is often necessary to use antiemetics.
使用抗呕剂通常情况下是必要的。
The nurse should check the patient frequently to look for possible signs of increased intracranial pressure or other complications, such as shock, chills, continued vomitting, fever or respiratory difficulty.
护士应当频繁检查患者是否有颅内压增高或其他并发症状，比如休克、寒颤、持续呕吐、发热和呼吸困难。
The patient should be kept with the head flat for at least 24 to 48 hours.
术后患者需将头平放至少24到48小时。
The patient may then be up gradually if headache and nausea do not occur.
如果头疼和反胃症状小时之后患者才可以尝试慢慢起身。
Ventriculogram is similar to the pneumoencephalogram.
脑室造影和气脑造影类似。
It can give the same type of information.
可以提供类似的信息。
It is used when there is greater intracranial pressure and gives a more specific outline of brain lesions.
脑室造影在颅内压过高时使用，它可以提供更为具体的脑损伤。
Cerebrospinal fluid should be withdrawn and replaced with air.
需要将脑脊液全部放出，然后充入空气。
The injection is made into the lateral ventricles through an opening in the scull.
颅骨钻孔后通过侧脑室充入空气。
Both pneumoencephalogram and ventriculogram are dangerous to the patient and are treated as surgical procedures.
气脑造影和脑室造影对患者都有一定的危险性，属于手术范畴。
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