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Weiqi（2）
围棋（2）
Weiqi Races in the Southern and Northern Dynasties
围棋手等级的出现
Up to the Southern and Northern dynasties,the national Weiqi races appeared as well as the grades standards were decided for the levels of the players.
南北朝出现了全国性的围棋大赛，并且棋手的水平确定等级标准。
In the Southern dynasty,Liang Wudi was very fond of Weiqi,he ordered his people to set up chess manual,select 278 masters and divide them into nine classes,of which the first Bass was the highest,while the ninth lowest.
南朝时，梁武帝十分喜爱围棋，他曾命人品定棋谱，选拔国中围棋高手278人，评为9个等级，一品最高，九品最低。
Modem Weiqi adopts duan grading system,which originates from the Southern and Northern dynasties.Then the players valued their grades greatly,even after death they demanded to have their grades carved in the inscription of their tombstones.
现代围棋采用的段位制，即源于南北朝时。当时的棋手对自己的品级均极为看重，连死后的墓志铭中都要写明自己属于几品。
The Flourishing of Weiqi in Tang and Song Dynasties
唐宋—围棋活动的又一高峰
Up until the Tang dynasty,Weiqi received greater development.Then there was an official position named Weiqi-servant in the Imperial Academy,whose task was to play Weiqi with the emperors.
到唐代，围棋活动获得了更大的发展。当时，专门在翰林院设置了一种名为棋待诏的官职，其任务就是陪皇帝下围棋。
According to the historical records,Tang Xuanzong always ordered them to play Weiqi with him,even when he fled to Sichuan because of the Rebellion of An Lushan and Shi Siming, he still brought them with him.Besides playing Weiqi with the servants, he often did with royal members and chancellors,too.
据史载，唐玄宗就经常和棋待诏下棋，甚至在因“安史之乱”跑到四川时，也带着棋待诏。唐玄宗除了与棋待诏下棋，也经常与皇室成员和大臣们下棋。
Weiqi was also prosperous in the Song dynasty.Song Taizu,whose name was Zhao Kuangyin,the first emperor of the Song dynasty,was one of the Weiqi lovers.
宋代的围棋活动也很兴盛。宋朝的开国皇帝宋太祖赵匡胤就是一位围棋爱好者，
When he was only an officer under Chai Rong-the Emperor of Later Zhou dynasty,he had once played with an old Taoist priest in Huashan Mountains and even lost his sword that he took with him every day.
在他还是后周皇帝柴荣手下的军校时，他就曾在华山与一位老道士下棋，甚至还输掉了随身携带的宝剑。
In the Song dynasty,not only the kings loved Weiqi, but many famous ministers, such as Wang Anshi,Su Dongpo,Wen Tianxiang etc.were Weiqi masters as well.
宋朝时，除了皇帝喜欢围棋，就连许多著名的大臣如王安石、苏东坡、文天祥等都是围棋高手。
另外，在普通百姓中，围棋活动也很盛行，当时在社会上出现了一种名为“棋园”的业余围棋组织，定期组织围棋比赛。
The prevalence of Weiqi also promoted the development of its theory.“The Classic of Weiqi”,an important work on Weiqi in Chinese Weiqi history,was written by Zhang Ni in the Song dynasty.
围棋活动的兴盛，也促进了围棋理论的发展，在中国围棋史上具有重要地位的围棋专著《棋经》，就是由宋代的张拟写成的。
While in Ming and Qing dynasties,Weiqi developed much more greatly.It was very popular among the common people,and different schools were formed because of the different districts and styles such as the Capital school,Yongjia school, and Xin’an school and so on.
明清时期，围棋活动进一步发展。民间围棋活动也很兴盛，并因地域和棋风的不同而形成了不同的流派，分别有京师派、永嘉派、新安派等等。
In the early and middle periods of the Qing dynasty,Weiqi was still very active because of the prosperity of the nation, and there emerged a large group of Weiqi aces,such as Huang longshi,Zhou Donghou,and Xu Xingyou etc.
清代的前、中期，由于国势兴旺，围棋活动仍很活跃，出现了黄龙士、周东侯、徐星友等一大批围棋高手。
Up to the late years of the fling dynasty,with the gradual corruption of the government,it began to decline.
但是，到了晚清时期，随着清政府的日益腐败，围棋活动开始衰落。
On the contrary,Weiqi was doing like a raging ire in the eastern neighbour,Japan.Thus, in the races between China and Japan,the Chinese team seldom won. This kind of situation began to change until 1980s,and Nie Weiping is the master of Weiqi who changed it.
相反，在东邻日本，围棋活动却开展得如火如荼，因此，当时的中国棋手在与日本棋手的对局中，常常是输多赢少。直到20世纪80年代开始，这种局面才有了改观，聂卫平就是这个扭转乾坤的高手。
