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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
马斯洛的需求层次理论
Joseph T. Straub and Raymond F. Attner
约瑟夫·T.斯特劳布和雷蒙德·F.埃特纳
A tool managers can apply to understand human needs was developed by Abraham H. Maslow in his book Motivation and Personality. Maslow developed a five-level sequence, or hierarchy, of human needs, which is shown in Figure 6-1. A major point of this hierarchy is that each need level must be generally satisfied before the person attempts to fill those needs on the next level. The first two needs are considered primary, or lower-order needs; the remaining three are secondary, or higher-order needs. Let's discuss each of these levels.
管理者们可以在亚伯拉罕·H.马斯洛所著的《动机与个性》一书中找到一种方法来了解人的需求。马斯洛在书中把人类的需求分为五个等级或者是阶段（如图6-1）。这种等级理论的主要观点是说人在试图满足更高级别的需求之前必须要满足较低级别的需求。前面两种需求是最基本的、较低层次的需求，剩下的三种是第二阶段的，较高层次的需求。下面我将在文章中逐层讨论。
Physiological need is the fundamental need for food, clothing, and shelter. People must be able to satisfy this need before they acknowledge any of the higher ones. Someone who faces death by starvation or exposure may resort to murder or cannibalism to meet fundamental, life-sustaining needs, despite waht society might think. Work satisfies these needs if an employer pays wages or salaries that allow employees to buy the simple necessities.
生理需求：这是最基本吃、穿、住的需求。人们必须在有能力满足生理需求的基础上才能追求更高层次的需求。当一个人由于饥饿或寒冷而面临死亡时，他就可能会采取谋杀或嗜食同类的方式来满足最基本的维系生命的需求，不管社会是否认同。如果雇主发的工资可以让雇员购买简单的生活用品的话，那么这份工作就满足了这些需求。
The safety and security need is the need to avoid bodily harm and uncertainty about one's well-being. People become conscious of this need after they fulfill the first one. This kind of need satisfaction would come from tenure for a college professor, a union contract defining policies and procedures for layoff for a steelworker, or insurance and retirement programs for employees.
安全需求：指避免身体伤害以及幸福生活中的不确定因素的需求。只有在第一层次需求得到满足以后，人们才会意识到这一层次的需求。对于大学教授来说，这种需求的满足可能源自得到的终身职位的任期；对于一名钢铁工人来说，这种需求的满足可能源自工会所制订的关于下岗诸多事宜的政策；而对于雇员来讲，这种需求的满足则来自于其所依赖的退休养老保险。
