Scientists years ago found compelling evidence that black holes exist, but they were uncomfortable with singularities, because all scientific laws break down at these points. Most physicists believed that in the real universe the object at the heart of a black hole would besmall (but not dimensionless) and extremely dense (but not infinitely so). Enter Hawking. While still a graduate student, he and Mathematician Roger Penrose developed new techniques proving mathematically that if general relativity is correct, singularities must exist. Hawking went on to demonstrate — again if general relativity is correct— that the entire universemust have sprung from a singularity. As he wrote in his 1966 Ph. D. thesis, "There is a singularity in our past."
好多年以前，科学家们就发现了表明黑洞存在的有力证据，但对于奇点，他们都感到不安，因为在这些点上，所有的科学原理都失效了。大多数物理学家认为，在现实的宇宙中，黑洞中心的物体可能是微小的（但并非没有维度），其密度也会是极高的（但并非无限髙）。这时候，霍金上场了。还在当研究生的时候，他就和数学家罗杰·彭罗斯一起设计出一些新的方法，从数学上证明：如果广义相对论是正确的，那么奇点就一定存在。霍金接着还证明：如果广义相对论是正确的，那么整个宇宙一定是从一个奇点中产生出来的。正如他在1966年的博士论文中所写的那样:“在我们的过去有个奇点。”
Stephen later discerned several new characteristics of black holes and demonstrated that the amazing forces of the Big Bang would have created mini-black holes, each with a mass about that of a terrestrial mountain, but no larger than the subatomic proton. Then, applying the quantum theory (which accurately describes the random, uncertain subatomic world) instead of general relativity (which, it turns out, falters in that tiny realm), Hawking was startled to find that the mini-black holes must emit particles and radiation. Even more remarkable, the little holes would gradually evaporate and, 10 billion years or so after their creation, explode with the energy or millions of H-bombs.
后来斯蒂芬又发现了黑洞的一些新的特点，并且证明：“大爆炸”的巨大力量可能造成了一些小黑洞，每个微小黑洞的质量大约相当于地球上一座大山的质量，而体积不会大于亚原子质子。接着，霍金在应用量子论而不是广义相对论时——因为量子论精确地描述了那个不规则、不确定的亚原子世界，而广义相对论却在这个小小的领域中不起作用——惊奇地发现，那些微小黑洞一定在放射粒子与辐射线。更值得注意的是，那些微小黑洞竟会逐渐蒸发，并在它们形成后一百亿年左右发生爆炸，释放出相当于几百万颗氢弹的能量。
来源:可可英语 //www.utensil-race.com/daxue/201612/467424.shtml
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