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Today we are going to talk about the controls of an airplane. Umm, but as you know, I like to talk a bit about the history of things. People generally credit the Wright brothers for having accomplished the first manned flight of an airplane. (16) Their work is very astonishing when you consider they had to do all their own research and there were few precedents for them to look to. Even something as simple as controlling the airplane had to be imagined, tested, developed, and perfected.
Over the past 100 years, the technology of airplanes has changed, but the controls are still similar. (17) You see, an airplane has three axes. Each axis has its own set of fins built into the aircraft's wings. When a pilot moves the fins in the air stream, they react with the air pressure to turn the aircraft.
(18) There are three basic turns of today's airplane. A turn in the lateral axis can make the plane move up or down. A turn in the vertical axis can make the plane left or right. The third axis is the longitudinal axis. This turns the plane spin or roll. For the first two types of turns, the fins turn in the direction of the desired turn. For a spin, the fins turn in opposite directions.
To make a turn on the lateral or vertical axis, a pilot needs only to turn the fins in the direction of the desired turn. For example, if the pilot wants to turn left, he would turn the vertical axis left. The air stream that flows around the aircraft would change, and the aircraft would turn left.
(19) To achieve a spin, the fins go in opposite directions. For example, to spin clockwise, the right fin would turn down, so the right side of the aircraft drops. The left fin would turn right, so that the left side of the aircraft would rise. (19) With one side rising and one side dropping, the aircraft then would perform a spin or roll.
16. Why does the speaker say Wright brothers' invention is astonishing?
17. How many axes does an airplane have?
18. How to make an airplane move up or down according to the lecture?
19. What should a pilot do if he wants the plane to spin?
今天我们将要讨论飞机控制的话题。嗯，但是，你们知道的，我想先讲讲历史。人们多是歌颂莱特兄弟，是他们实现了飞机的第一次载人飞行。考虑到他们独立完成研究，并且鲜有先例借鉴的情况，他们的工作是惊人的。就连最简单的飞机控制都要靠他们来想象、测试、研发和完善。
在过去的一百年里，飞机技术已发生改变。但是控制技术基本没变。一架飞机有三个轴。每个轴控制着各自机翼上的腹鳍。当飞行员移动气流中的飞机腹鳍时，腹鳍和气流相互作用以改变航向。
现代飞机有三种基本的操作。推动横轴会使飞机上下移动。推动垂直轴会使飞机左右转向。第三个是飞机的水平轴。推动水平轴会使飞机机身旋转。推动前两种轴，腹鳍转动和轴的推动方向一致，推动后一种纵轴，腹鳍转动和推动方向相反。
要操作横轴或者垂轴，飞行员只需将腹鳍朝着目标方向推动。例如，如果飞行员想左转，就将垂轴向左推。飞机周身的气流将会改变，飞机将会左转。
想让飞机旋转，腹鳍转动与水平轴推向相反方向相反。例如，想让飞机顺时针旋转，右腹鳍会下降，所以飞机的右侧会下降。左腹鳍会右转，这样飞机的左侧会上升。飞机一侧抬升一侧下降，这样飞机就能实现旋转。
问题16 为什么演讲者认为莱特兄弟的工作是惊人的？
问题17 一架飞机有多少个轴？
问题18 根据这篇文章，怎样能让飞机上下移动？
问题19 如果飞行员想让飞机腹鳍转动，那么他应该做什么？
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