1.什么是名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Nominal Clauses)。 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
2.主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由下列词引导:
1)由what、Whatever、Whoever等代词引导的主语从句: what表示“…所…的(东西)”, 在结构上等于一个名词加一个定语从句; whatever表示“所…的一切”; whoever表示“一切…的人”.例如:
What is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.
Whatever was said here must be kept secret.
Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.
2)由连词that引起的主语从句: 这类主语从句在大多数情况下都放到句子后部去, 而用代词it做形式上的主语,在口语中连词that有时可以省略掉:
例如:
That we need more equipment is quite obvious.
It doesn’t seem likely that she will be here.
It’s a pity you missed such a fine talk.
3)由连接代词或连接副词how,when,where,why(或whether)引起的主语从句: 这类主语从句, 也可以放到句子后部去, 前面用it做形式上的主语.
例如:
When we shall have our sports meet is still a question.
It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.
3.宾语从句
名词从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1)用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
例如:
if与whether都可以与or not连用,但后面紧跟着or not时只能用whether;
We didn't know whether or not she was ready.(此时只能用whether)
I wonder whether/if the news is true or not.(此时则二者都可以用)
后接动词不定式时,用whether;
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?
2) 用that引导的从句作宾语的情形最为普遍, 由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如果从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。
例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。
3)用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
例如:
I just can’t imagine how he could have done such a thing.
Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate.
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
adj. 明显的,显然的