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1. What theories was Adler best known for?
2. What did Adler's theory stress？
3. List two characteristics of firstborns from the passage.
4. Alder was with the effects of birth order on . Adler had a successful older brother, but Adler a child and thus was most likely affected with the desire to himself and prove his worth.
5. Adler felt that each position in the order, whether first or last, had characteristics. For example, he hypothesized that firstborns are problem children and that only children be spoiled due to parental .
6. , children born later in the birth order tend to be more , flexible, and rebellious. Only children, being firstborn themselves, tend to traits more similar to those of other firstborn children. However, only children seem to have better and are higher achievers than children who have siblings.
Background Information背景信息
科学家在对生育顺序的研究中发现，在教育孩子方面，父母对年龄大一点的孩子更为严格，而对较晚出生的孩子较纵容。这或许可以解释，为何许多家庭中最小的孩子总是不听话。
来自美国约翰•霍普金斯大学的研究者表示，家长对长子女严格的背后有一种潜在动机，那就是保持长幼有序的家庭状态，同时也是为了避免小一点的孩子效仿大孩子的反抗行为。当年幼的子女长到十几岁而长子女已经长大成人离开家庭后，家长便失去了严格教导孩子的动力，因而对最小孩子的宠爱容易导致其产生不听话、不感恩、不谨慎的行为。研究者甚至担心，随着美国家庭的规模越来越小，孩子被惯坏的可能性也越来越大。
Words & Phrases
词汇与短语
Words
academically 学术上，学理上
ambition 有雄心的，野心勃勃的
conforming 顺从的；一致性的
conscientious 尽责的
conservative 保守的，守旧的
consistency 一致，连贯性
conversely 相反地
determinant 决定因素，决定物
flexible 灵活的，柔韧的
hypothesize 假设
inclined 倾向……的
leadership 领导能力，领导阶层
oriented 导向的
overindulgence 过分溺爱，过分放纵
rebellious 反叛的；难对付的
respectful 尊敬的，恭敬的
rivalry 竞争，敌对状态
Phrases
be concerned with 关注
contend with… 与......竞争
have impact on 对……有影响
similar to… 与……相似
