从上述例句不难看出,有否定词的句子,未必是否定,没有否定词的未必是肯定,这与语法上所称之否定句、肯定句并不完全一致。汉语的否定词少得多,常用的词有:不、未、无、非、别、莫、勿、毋、休、没、没有、失、免、缺、禁、忌、戒、防等,其中以副词居多,只有个别形容词或少数动词。而英语的否定词几乎应有尽有,包括名、代、动、形、副、介、连七种词性。在这以繁对简的转换过程中,其困难可想而知。
1、对应法:此法为最基本的译法,直陈式的句子多采用此法翻译,即肯定译肯定,否定译否定,双重否定仍译双重否定。
There is no smoke without fire.
无风不起浪。
It is unlikely but not impossible.
这事可能性不大,但也不是不可能。
2、转移法:多用于错位否定的句子。
At no time and in no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.
任何时候,任何情况下,中国决不首先使用核武器。
Neither of the substances dissolves in water.
这两种物质都不溶于水。
A number of patients can recall no recent sore throat.
很多患者都想不起近期有过喉痛。
3、反义法:借助反义词翻译,如:difficult = not easy, fail = not succeed, not bad = good, wrong = not right 等。
4、近义法:
He refuses to give up until all hope is gone. 他是不到黄河心不死。(refuse“拒绝”,译为“不肯”)
History is silent about it. 历史对这件事没有记载。
I hate troubling him. 我不想去麻烦他。
You are in charge of the job. How could you evade the issue? 你负责这件事,怎么能对此不置可否呢?(evade译成“不闻不问”或“不置可否”)
We will live up to what our country expects of us.我们将不辜负国家的期望(live up to “做得到”,译为“不辜负”)。
He sits silent in the corner.
他坐在角落里一声不吭。
5、转换法:包括肯定译为否定,否定译为肯定,双重否定译为肯定等。
We cannot really learn anything until we rid ourselves of complacency.
要认真学习一点东西,必须从不自满开始。
In no area of medicine is accurate diagnosis more important or in many instances, more difficult.
在医学领域,准确诊断是最为重要的,然而在很多情况下也是最困难的。
No disease is so common as cold.
在所有疾病中,感冒是最常见的。
Differential diagnosis of the disease is not infrequently difficult.
这种病的鉴别诊断往往很难。
In such cases, the condition cannot be otherwise than serious.
这种患者的病情必然是很严重的。
He is too careful not to have noticed it.
他是个细心人,肯定注意到了这一点。
For answer, he merely stared at me.
他不回答,只是两眼死死地盯着我。
Its importance cannot be overemphasized.
其重要性无论怎么强调都不过分。
These investigations are not done for nothing.
这些研究工作自然不会是白做的。
6、引申法:
Your question beats me.
你这个问题令我迷惑不解。