9、a) We have your letter in which you say that our interest figures are not correct. In reply we wish to say that the interest has figured just as provided for in the written contract which you signed and which we now hold. 我们已经收到你们来信。在信中,你们说到利息的数字不对。而我们要说,利息的数字是合同中早已规定好的。合同你们已签,并且,我们手中也有。
b) Thank you for your letter of the 12th in which you gave us your understanding of interest due to us under contract # 87. We have been glad to recheck our computations and to reread the contract, but we have been unable to find any evidence of error. Our method of figuring the account is explained in detail below. We are sure that it will make everything perfectly clear. 贵方十二日来信,我们已经收悉。信中说到,贵方对号码为#87合同规定的支付我方的利息数字有看法。我方非常乐意地进行了复查并又看了合同,但是,我方没有发现有什么差错。下面详细说明了我方的计算方法。我方坚信,一切将会弄得清请楚楚。[2]
此组句子间的区别同上。
10、(When turning down an offer)
a) Unfortunately, we got a better offer. 不幸的是,我们已有更好的报盘。你们的报盘就不要了。
b) We were pleased to receive your offer, but we got a better offer. 贵方报盘已经收悉,我方非常高兴。但是,我方又有了条件更加优惠的报盘。[4]
第一句直截了当,腔调生硬,听上去很不舒服。而在第二句中,写信人尽管有了更好的选择,但是,他仍不失礼貌风度,并且,还为以后合作留有余地。
第三,在商务英语书信中,我们切记,无论是给谁写信,我们都应从对方的角度来看问题,考虑对方的处境,明白对方的难处,站在对方的立场上。采用你方观点(You-attitude)写信,说明我们理解对方、体谅对方。试比较:
11、We-viewpoint:
a) You have not opened the L/C for your order,which has been ready for shipment for a long time.We have written to you several times,but much to our regret,we have not had any reply from you to the moment.你方订的贷等待装运已久,但你方还没有开出相关信用证。我们给你方写了好几次信,但非常遗憾,到目前为止,我们还没有收到你方回信。
b) We regret to say that we have to cancel your order because of your failure to open the L/C in time.由于你方没按时开出信用证,我们很遗憾地说,我们不得不取消你方定货。
c) You did not open the L/C according to the contract terms;therefore, you are requested to amend the L/C as follows.你方未遵照合同条款开出信用证,因而,请你方修改信用证如下。[3]
12、You-viewpoint:
a) The goods you ordered have been ready.Please let us know when we can expect to receive the covering L/C,upon receipt of which,we will effect shipment without delay.你方订货已经备好。请告知我们什么时候能收到该订货的信用证,我们一收到信用证,就会立即装运。
b) Please let us know if there is something in the way that precludes you from establishing the L/C.请告知我们是否有什么障碍使你方开不出信用证。
c) There are some discrepancies existing between the L/C stipulations and the terms of contract.For smooth effectuation of shipment,we shall appreciate your amending the L/C as follows. 信用证规定与合同条款有些出入,为了顺利办理装运,我们将感谢你方修改信用证如下。[3]
从以上实例分析来看,采用你方观点的方法显然比我方观点的方法更有礼貌,更为恰当。
第四,在商务英语书信交际中,经常使用的尊称语,亲呢语、祝颂语乃至含蓄委婉语等都体现了礼貌原则。虽然用词委婉有背“真话实说”的道德标准,但是,G. N. Leech认为,委婉的话语是建立在礼貌这一文化因素上的。[5]采用比较含蓄委婉的语言在商务英语书信交际中使用较为广泛。试比较:
13、a) Your order NO.85 for l00,000 yards of Cotton Prints Art.NO.1002 is rejected.我们拒绝了你方85号关于订购货号1002号印花布十万码的订单。
b) We regret to inform you that we have been unable to accept your order NO.85 for 100,000 yards of Cotton Prints Art.No.1002.我们遗憾地通知你方我们已不能接受你方85号关于订购货号1002号印花布十万码的订单。[3]
后一句比前一句恰当,因为后一句比较含蓄,前一句则比较直接、生硬。因此,后一句就是礼貌用语。
另外,我们还可以使用虚拟语气来使要表达的令人不快的意思显得间接委婉。试比较: 14、a) If another instance of this discrepancy between the sample and the goods received
occurs, it will be very embarrassing.如果订货样品与收到的货物不符的情况再发生的话,会令人十分困窘。
b) If another instance of this discrepancy between the sample and the goods received should occur,it world be very embarrassing.[3]
第二个句子比第一个句子更婉转,因此,它就较为礼貌
四、合俗准则在商务英语书信写作中的应用
合俗,就是适合风俗。[1]言语交际是文化心理上的呼应与沟通。不同国家、不同民族、不同地区间的商务交往,就涉及到不同的文化心理和风俗习惯。风俗习惯实际是历史传统、文化意识的长期积淀。“合俗”才有文化心理上的呼应与沟通.才能交流思想,互通信息。比如,英国人喜欢用“狐狸”赞美妻子的贤惠聪明,而中国人却习惯于用“狐狸”比喻人的狡猾奸诈。再如,中国人喜欢见面时问吃饭了没有,以表示亲热,外国人听了就会以为你要请他吃饭。言语的“合俗”是得体不可缺少的条件。例如,如果把英语rock-bottom or floor price译成汉语“石底价,地板价”,那岂不是天大的笑话吗?不懂“俗”,不“合俗”.势必会出洋相,生误会,那就说不到言语的得体了。要做到商务英语书信语言合俗得体,首先,我们必须了解并掌握与商务英语书信往来的国家民族的风俗习惯及其文化差异。例如,在商务英语书信中,我们讨价还价通常使用以下这个比喻:
15、We are of the opinion that prices have reached rock bottom. 我们认为,价格已经降到最低了。(rock愿意“基石”,bottom意为“底部”,用rock bottom比喻“最低价”。)
在汉语中,我们也有类似说法。比如,我们常说,砍价者把价格砍得保不住底了。但汉语还有其他说法,如,价已低到放血跳楼的地步。
另外,在我看来,“合俗”还意味着商务英语书信用语必须符合商务习惯。例如,Cash & Carry (一手交钱,一手交货),ceiling price (天价), floor price(基价,最低价), clean Bill of Lading(清洁提单),most-favour-nation treatment(最惠国待遇),equality, mutual benefit and exchange of each other’s needed goods(平等互利,互通有无)。在商务英语书信写作中,还有一些句型结构已经约定俗成,不能更换。如,
16、We hereby confirm...兹确认……考试大
17、Our firm had a bad year last year.去年我公司年景不佳。
18、Enclosed please find...随函附上……,请查收。
19、I can’t share your view on that.对此本人不敢苟同。
这些句型看似简单,但要做到在国际商务英语写作中对这些常用句型信手拈来也非易事。平时要多积累这样一些非常实用的句型和短语。假如随意替换,我们就有可能闹出笑话。
五、合式准则在商务英语书信写作中的应用
合式,就是适合言语的体式。体式,即通常说的体裁、样式。言语表达的体式一般因内容而异,因语境而异,因交际形式而异。日常交谈是口头语体,公文往来是公文语体。体式不仅受交际环境的制约,也受交际内容的制约,甚至还要受到交际者的文化素养的制约。言语的得体性原则要求言语表达根据环境、对象、内容选用最恰当的言语体式,以造成和谐的言语氛围,取得最佳的交际效果。我们不妨看看下面这个书信实例,看它是如何根据致信对象、致信内容和书信语体等要求来精心遣词造句,以达到其写信目的和效果----动之以情、晓之以理。请分析以下书信实例:
Dear Sir,
You often speak of a good friend as trustworthy, thoughtful, anxious to please, honorable, and worthy of your friendship.
A store can have the same qualities. It can be human, courteous, considerate of its customers, and thoroughly reliable.
That’s the kind of store this is. It is exactly the kind of store you’d run yourself if you were in the clothing business.
We are anticipating the pleasure of showing you our latest styles soon, whether you are in the buying mood or not.
Sincerely yours, [2]
以上书信采用了恰当的商务书信格式、比较正规的商务书信语体。在信中,写信者针对潜在客户,为了说服他们变成真正客户,使用了一系列的表达真诚、友好、善意(Goodwill)的词汇,如,trustworthy, thoughtful, anxious to please, honorable, worthy of your friendship, human, courteous, considerate of its customers, thoroughly reliable, pleasure, latest, etc.这些真诚善意友好词汇有助于构成亲昵的语气(Personal and friendly tone),使潜在客户爽心悦目,比较容易接受,从而就达到了写信目的。
以上,笔者只是从得体性原则出发简略地考察分析了得体性的五个重要准则在国际商务英语书信写作中的应用。合境、合位、合礼、合俗、合式是得体性原则的主要因素,仅仅从这五个要素去考察得体性依然不够,还必须从心理美学的角度审视各个要素的适度性,没有适度,依然不是完美的得体。因此,对得体性原则在国际商务英语书信交往中应用的研究考察具有极其广泛而实用的深刻意义,因为它将极大地促进国际商务以及文化交往与合作,对我们社会主义经济建设有着极大的实际意义。
n. 音调,语气,品质,调子,色调
vt. 使