2. Words with Multi-interpretation一词多义的处理
在合同英语中,一词多义或一义多词的现象较为普遍。要透彻理解这些词义,必须结合上下文,仔细推敲。合同文体具有很强的逻辑性,词与词之间,段与段之间,款与款之间总是相互依存、相互制约的。在翻译时,绝对不能孤立地、片面地和静止地去理解条款中的词义,应全面地、客观地去理解和选择词义。以reference一词为例,它的一般词义是“参考”,但它在不同的上下文中就有不同的含义。因此,不能仅用“参考”二字“对号入座”。请看下例各句:
(1)Thank you for you r letter reference DT/Zi No.102.of 29th,March.
感谢你方3月29日编号为DT/Zi,No.102的来信。
reference在此例中指“编号” (number which makes it possible to find a document which has been filed)。
(2)We have had only one order from ABC Co. , Ltd. , so we regret we cannot give you a reference from long experience.
我们仅接受ABC有限公司的一笔定货,很遗憾我们不能提供具有长期交往经历的资信情况。
reference在此例中指“资信情况” (statement about a company's abilities)。
(3)Reference is made to your Sales Confirmation No.1529.
现谈到你方的第1529号销售确认书。
reference在此例中指“谈到” (mentioning or dealing with)。
(4)The Buyers ask for credit and have given the Bank of China ,Beijing as a reference.
买方要求记账交易,并提出中国银行北京分行作为资信备询人。
reference在此例中指“咨信备询人”(person who reports on someone's character or abilities)。
(5)The Sales Company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the commission.
关于佣金的分配问题,应授予销售公司同样的权利。
with reference to在此例中意思为“关于”(about or concerning sb or sth)。
(6) A reference to your records will show that we have more than once asked you to establish L/C against S/C No.2523.
阅你方记录可以看出,我方已多次催促,要求你方对第2523号销售确认书开立信用证。
reference在此例中指“查阅”。
以上只是含有reference一词的部分词义。可见,如果把reference一概译为“参考”不仅词不达义,而且还会影响条款的效力。一词多义的选择和确定通常从以下几方面着手:
1) Considering the Part of Speech根据词性确定词义
英语中有许多书写形式相同的词,却有着不同的词性,而词性不同,意义也有所差异。因此,在翻译时首先要断定这个词在原文中的词性,根据词性再进一步确定其词义。
「例10」
(1) Arbitration of all questions in dispute under this contract shall be al the choice Of either party and shall be in accordance with the International Arbitration Rules Of American Arbitration Association.
对在合同中一切有争议的问题是否付诸仲裁将由任何一方作出选择,并须按照美国仲裁协会的国际仲裁规则进行仲裁。
(2) Our products are manufactured from the choice grades of material and will satisfy you in every respect.
我方的产品均用上等的原料制成,因此,在各方面都会使贵方满意。
由于以上两句中的choice的词性不同,在词义的确定上也有所不同。第一句中的choice是名词,意思为“选择”(act of choosing between two or more possibilities);第二句中的choice是形容词,意思为“优质的”(of very good quality)。
「例11」
(1) The prices quoted include a progressive commission ,to be calculated on FOB basis ,o f 2%for a single order for 10 dozen or up 3%for 30 dozen or up.
所报价格包括累进佣金,按FOB价为基础计算,每定单在10打及以上时佣金为2%,30打及以上时为3%。
(2) Party B is commissioned by the manufacturers to buy steel plates and this contract shall supersede all previous commitments.
乙方受制造厂家的委托购买钢板,因此本合同将取代以前的一切承诺。
以上两句中的commission,由于词性不同,词义具有很大的区别。前一句中的commission在合同中经常以名词形式出现,意思为“佣金”;后一句中的commission是动词,其意思为“委托”或“代理”。再如:The Contractor shall be responsible for and shall carry out all maintenance work during commissioning period (在试运行期问,承包方应负责进行一切维修工作)。
「例12」
(1) The time limit for inspection and claim is 60 days after discharge Of the cargo at the port Of destination.
检验与索赔的期限为货物卸至目的港后60天。
(2) Party B agrees that the expiration of this license shall not discharge party B from its obligation.
乙方同意在许可证到期时并不免除乙方应尽的义务。
(3) Routine duties of the Joint Venture Company are lo be discharged by the general manager appointed by the Board of Directors.
董事会任命的总经理,负责履行合营公司的日常职权。
以上三句中都含有discharge,在不同的合同条款中,其词义也有很大不同。第一句中的discharge是名词(也可作动词)。词义为:“卸货”(unloading cargo from a ship),经常出现在国际货物买卖合同中;第二句中的discharge是动词,意思为“免除”(releasing one party from the terms of a contract);第三句中的discharge也是动词,意思为“履行”(carrying out one's duty)。 discharge在用作名词时,还可以表示“一批发运的货物”,如:Party B shall check the quality of each dispatch in accordance with the Contract(乙方应按合同规定检查每批发出的货物的质量)。
「例13」
The Contractor's Site Representative shall be present at the site throughout normal working hours except when on leave sick, or absent for reasons connected with the proper performance of the Contract.
The Contractor shall at all time keep the premises free from accumulation of waste materials or rubbish caused by the Works and at the completion of the Works shall remove all remaining materials from and about the premises and shall leave the Site and Plant safe, clean and ready for Use.
在整个正常的工作时间内,除因假期、患病或由于正当履行合同而缺勤等理由外,承包商的现场代表必须到现场上班。在任何时候,承包商应始终避免因施工而使废料或垃圾堆放在施工现场,在施工结束时,应清除所有施工现场及其周围地区存放的剩余材料,使现场和工厂保持安全、清洁,以便随时可以使用。
以上例句中的两个条款中均含有leave一词,其中第一款中的leave是名词,意思为:“假期”(time absent from duty or work);第二款中的leave是动词,意思为:“保持”(to remain in a certain condition)。
需要指出的是,有时同一词类由于其形式的不同,其词义也有所不同。
「例14」
(1) The directors and officers of the Buyer in office on the effective date of the merger shall continue in office as the directors and officers of the Buyer for the term elected until their respective successors shall be elected.
企业合并生效之日,买方的在职董事和在职高级职员应继续留任为买方的董事和高级职员,其任期保留到选举出他们各自的继任人为止。
该句中的office是不可数的抽象名词,意思为“公职、官职”(work and duties connected with a position of trust and authority)。
(2) We hope to be able to reciprocate you r good offices on a similar occasion.
我们希望能在类似情况下报答你方的鼎力帮助。
该句中的offices只用复数形式,表示“帮助”,经常使用的短语有through sb's good offices(承某人的鼎力帮助)。
「例14」
(1) If the vessel had arrived at the loading port within the Confirmed Dates. the loading operation could be carried out now.
如果船只在确认日期内已到达装货港,现在就能够进行装货作业。
句中的operation是单数形式,一般表示“操作,作业”或“经营”。又如:These first stockholders shall organize and elect a Board of Directors and thereafter, such Board of Directors shall control the operation of the new corporation(应由首批股东组织选出董事会,然后,由这一董事会控制这家公司的经营)。
(2) We welcome any suggestions you may offer for our business operations.
贵方对我方业务活动所提出的任何建议,我方都表示欢迎。
句中的operations常用复数形式,表示“一种有计划的业务活动”。
2) Considering the Profession根据专业来确定词义
合同英语中会涉及各类不同的专业。专业不同,某些词语的词义也就相应地需要调整。因此,根据不同的专业来确定词义也是重要的选词手段。
「例15」
(1)The invoice shall be subject to the usual trade discounts allowed by the Consignor.
发票须按照发货人所给予的通常批发折扣开立。句中的discount意思为“折扣”(amount of money taken off the cost of sth),是商业贸易中常用的词汇。对某一价格打折扣,可接用of或on.例如:We are prepared to grant you a discount of 5%on the price(我方准备给予你方5%的价格折扣)。
(2)The Buyer shall lodge a 90-day note in Bank of China, Taiyuan Branch for discount.
买方将把一张90天的期票提交中国银行太原分行贴现。
句中的discount意思为“贴现”(the amount of money deducted from the face value of a note),是银行业务中常用的词汇。
「例16」
(1) Our end-users consider the Voltmeter to be unfit from application and claim that the instrument be replaced by you with a sound one.
我方用户认为该电量计不适于使用,要求你方用一只好的替换。
句中的instrument在机械设备中,指“仪器”。
(2) The board of directors may authorize any agent or agents to enter into any Contract or execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation.
董事会可授权任何代理人以公司名义并代表公司签订合同或签发单据。
该句中的instrument在商业上多表示“正式的单据或文件”(formal document)。又如:The attorney is authorized to make, sign and deliver any other instrument, whether sealed or unsealed(律师有权撰写、签署和发送任何其他密封或开封的文件)。
(3) A party to an instrument may authorize an agent to endorse the instrument but must specify the principal-agent relationship On the instrument.
票据当事人可以委托其代理人在票据上签章,但应当在票据上注明其代理关系。
该句中instrument在结算业务中表示票据的总称。比如:《中华人民共和国票据法》规定“本法所称的票据,是指汇票,本票和支票”,英译为:The term “negotiable instrument ”as used in this law denotes “bill of exchange”, “promissory note'‘ and ”Cheque".
「例17」
(1) The Ocean freight and transfer charges from the interior points to the port of shipment shall be paid by Buyer.
该项海运费及从内地发货点至装船口岸的中转费均须由买方支付。
该句中的freight在国际贸易中常指“运费” (money charged for carrying goods)。
(2)This freight must be carefully handled when loading.
货物装载时必须小心搬运。
该句中的freight在国内运输中一般指“货物”(cargo or goods which are carried by land or sea or air),不指“运费”。
「例18」
he premium rates vary with differed interests insured and with different destinations. routes and carrying periods of insurance.
保险费率随保险货物的不同而变化,也随目的地、航线和保险责任有效期的不同而变化。
句中的interest在保险业务中指“被保险的货物”。
(2)If the Buyer fails to pay any amount when due, the Buyer shall be liable to pay to the Seller overdue interest on such unpaid amount from the due date until the actual date of payment at the rate of five percent per annum. Such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the Seller.
如果买方未能按期支付到期款项,那么,买方应支付卖方从到期之日起算至实际支付之日止的年利率为5%的利息。一经卖方提出,买方应支付该过期利息。
此句中的interest在国际支付业务中,表示一方由于未能支付到期应付的款项,而向另一方支付的利息。
(3)The articles of our immediate interest are your “CHUNHUI'‘ Brand Agricultural Washing Machines.
我们当前需要的商品是你方的春晖牌农用洗衣机。
该句中的interest译为“所需要的产品或业务”,经常出现在要约文本中,词义主要是从interest(兴趣)产生的转义。
3) Considering the Collocation根据词的搭配关系确定词义
搭配关系,是指一个词与另一个词连用而产生意义上的联系。一个词单独存在时是一个意思,但与其他词搭配使用就可能产生出各种不同的词义。因此,在确定和选择词义时,还必须考虑词与词的搭配关系。
「例19」
(1)In case of any request by either party, the party having possession of the desired records may deliver the appropriate records to the requesting party.
如遇任何一方提出要求,拥有所需记录资料的一方可将合适的记录递交给提出要求的一方。
句中含有case的介词短语in case of,其含义为“假使,如果”,引出状语。
(2)The price difference should in no case be as big as USD25 per metric ton.
价格的差额决不会大到每公吨25美元。
句中含有case的介词短语in no case,意思为“决不”,具有副词性质,用作状语。
(3)In case of an order for more than 6000 pieces, Party B allows a special discount Of 6 per cent.
至于数量在6000件以上的定单,乙方愿给予6%的特别折扣。
该句中的in the case of与第一句的in case of只有一个定冠词之别,但其意思却有很大区别,前者意思为“至于,就……来说”,而后者的意思是“假如”。
「例20」
(1)Upon the arrival 0f the goods at the place of delivery the Buyers claim an allowance 0f USD 350 On account Of inferior quality.
货物运抵交付地点后,由于货物质量不佳,买方要求索赔350美元。
句中的allowance与动词claim搭配,意思为“赔偿费”。
(2) Both Party A and Party B shall make a liberal allowance for such unforeseen circumstances arising during transit.
甲、乙双方应充分考虑到运输中所发生的意外情况。
句中的allowance在make allowance for结构中表示:在做某种决定时,“考虑到某事物”(to consider sth when making a decision)。
「例21」
The part of the contract price shall be paid in USD by way of an irrevocable Letter of Credit against presentation by Contractor to the negotiable bank.
合同价格要根据承包人要求,在议付银行以不可撤销的信用证方式用美元支付。
句中的negotiable作为形容词在修饰bank时,译成“议付”。形容词negotiable就其本身而言意思为:“可谈判的”,但是在修饰不同的名词时其含义也就不同。试比较:negotiable amount(可议付的金额),negotiable bill of lading(可过户证券),negotiable certificate of deposit(流通存单)等。
「例22」
(1)All activities of the joint venture company shall be governed by the law, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China.
合营公司的一切活动,必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律、法令和有关条例及规定。
句中govern作为及物动词,其本意为“统治、治理、支配”,如In Britain the Queen reigns but elected representatives of the people govern the country(在英国,女王是君主,而治理国家的却是民选的代表)。而本句中的govern的宾语是all activities of the joint venture company,其后的by引出的又是有关的law和decrees,因此,根据其搭配关系,句子中的govern 应理解为“遵守”。
(2) The Surviving Corporation shall continue to be governed by the laws of the People's Republic of China.
该幸存下来的公司将继续由中华人民共和国法律管辖。
该句中govern的宾语是corporation,两词搭配,译成被动句“由……管辖”。
「例23」
The carder's responsibility for the cargo ceases immediately when the cargo leaves the ship's tackle and thereafter all risks and expenses involved are the responsibility of the cargo.
当货物离开轮船挂钩时,承运人的责任即行终止,此后一切风险及费用一概由货主负责。
该句的cargo出现了三次,其中前两个根据其搭配关系均可理解为:a load of goods carried in a ship or aircraft(用船或飞机运载的货物);但第三个cargo用of引出,修饰responsibility,而且句子的主语为risks and expenses,因此,根据该词与句中其他词的搭配关系,应理解为“货主”。