Although Victor Turner’s writings have proved

　　fruitful for fields beyond anthropology, his definition

　　of ritual is overly restrictive. Ritual, he says, is “pre-

　　list scribed formal behavior for occasions not given over

　　(5) to technological routine, having reference to beliefs in

　　mystical beings or powers,” “ Technological routine”

　　refers to the means by which a social group provides

　　for its material needs. Turner’s differentiating ritual

　　from technology helps us recognize that festivals and

　　(10) celebrations may have little purpose other than play,

　　but it obscures the practical aims, such as making

　　crops grow or healing patients, of other rituals. Further,

　　Turner’s definition implies a necessary relationship

　　between ritual and mystical beliefs. However, not all

　　(15) rituals are religious; some religions have no reference

　　to mystical beings; and individuals may be required

　　only to participate in, not necessarily believe in, a

　　ritual. Turner's assumption that ritual behavior follows

　　belief thus limits the usefulness of his definition in

　　(20) studying ritual across cultures.

　　24. According to the passage, which of the following

　　does Turner exclude from his conception of ritual?

　　(A) Behavior based on beliefs

　　(B) Behavior based on formal rules

　　(C) Celebrations whose purpose is play

　　(D) Routines directed toward practical ends

　　(E) Festivals honoring supernatural beings

　　25. The passage suggests that an assumption underlying Turner’s definition of ritual is that

　　(A) anthropological concepts apply to other fields

　　(B) festivals and ceremonies are related cultural phenomena

　　(C) there is a relationship between play and practical ends

　　(D) rituals refer only to belief in mystical beings or powers

　　(E) mystical beings and powers have certain common attributes across cultures

　　26. It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes each of the following concerning rituals EXCEPT:

　　(A) Some are unrelated to religious belief.

　　(B) Some are intended to have practical consequences.

　　(C) Some have no purpose other than play.

　　(D) They sometimes involve reference to mystical beings.

　　(E) They are predominantly focused on agricultural ends.

　　27. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

　　(A) Factual data are presented and a hypothesis is proposed.

　　(B) A distinction is introduced then shown not to be a true distinction.

　　(C) A statement is quoted, and two assumptions on which it is based are clarified.

　　(D) A definition is challenged, and two reasons for the challenge are given.

　　(E) An opinion is offered and then placed within a historical framework.

　　28. SLOUCH:

　　(A) stand erect

　　(B) move unhesitatingly

　　(C) stretch languidly

　　(D) scurry

　　(E) totter

　　29. CLAIM:

　　(A) renounce

　　(B) repeal

　　(C) deter

　　(D) hinder

　　(E) postpone

　　30. EXPEDITE:

　　(A) impeach

　　(B) deflect

　　(C) resist

　　(D) retard

　　(E) remove

　　31. VALEDICTION:

　　(A) greeting

　　(B) promise

　　(C) accusation

　　(D) denigration

　　(E) aphorism

　　32. FACTORABLE

　　(A) absorbent

　　(B) magnifiabl

　　(C) simulated

　　(D) irreducible

　　(E) ambiguous

　　33. CONVOKE:

　　(A) disturb

　　(B) impress

　　(C) adjourn

　　(D) extol

　　(E) applaud

　　34. REND:

　　(A) sink

　　(B) unite

　　(C) find

　　(D) spend

　　(E) unleash

　　35. CONTRAVENE:

　　(A) condescend

　　(B) embark

　　(C) support

　　(D) offend

　　(E) amass

　　36. NADIR:

　　(A) summit

　　(B) impasse

　　(C) sanctuary

　　(D) weak point

　　(E) direct route

　　37. ABSTRACT:

　　(A) deny

　　(B) organize

　　(C) elaborate

　　(D) deliberate

　　(E) produce

　　38. MENDACIOUS:

　　(A) assured

　　(B) honest

　　(C) intelligent

　　(D) fortunate

　　(E) gracious