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In 2003, US Navy SEAL sniper Chris Kyle made his first kill in the Iraq War. It marked the start of a long and deadly career that earned him the moniker American Sniper.
2003年，美国海军海豹突击队狙击手克里斯·凯尔在伊拉克战争中首次击杀敌人。这标志着他漫长而致命的职业生涯的开始，并因此获得了“美国狙击手”的称号。
While certain branches of services and specialists like Kyle build their career off their number of kills, the average foot soldier has to confront their enemy in a far more real and visceral way, relating to their inner feelings.
某些军种和专家（如凯尔）的职业生涯都是以杀敌数量为依据的，普通步兵必须以更真实、更直观的方式与敌人对抗，这与他们的内心感受有关。
Psychologically, it's a lot easier to pull the trigger in an instance where you're aiming at a plane, or down the barrel of another sniper, or on a blind battlefield, shooting artillery into the mist, than it is to actually pull the trigger directly at an enemy soldier.
从心理上讲，在瞄准飞机、瞄准另一个狙击手的枪口或在盲区战场向迷雾中发射炮弹时，扣动扳机要比直接向敌方士兵扣动扳机容易得多。
So in warfare, just how many soldiers really do shoot to kill?
那么在战争中，到底有多少士兵真的会开枪杀人呢？
The art of killing. Historian Dave Grossman argues that in war you only have four options once the fighting begins.
历史学家戴夫.葛洛斯曼（Dave Grossman）认为，在战争中，一旦战斗开始，只有四个选择。
Number one, fight. Number two, flight. Number three, posture. This would be the modern day equivalent of jumping around waving a sword above your head to look scary like in ancient times but in reality being completely ineffectual.
第一，战斗。第二，逃跑。第三，摆出威胁姿势。在现代相当于人们跳来跳去，挥舞着头顶的剑，看起来像古代那样吓人，但实际上完全无效。
Number four, submit, the direct act of surrender. Many argue that most warfare is actually built around number three, posturing and trying to mislead or intimidate the enemy.
第四，投降。许多人认为，大多数战争实际上是围绕第三点展开的，即摆出威胁姿态，试图误导或恐吓敌人。
Humans for the most part, find the act of killing another human to be psychologically abhorrent for any number of reasons.
出于多种原因，人类大多认为杀死另一个人的行为在心理上是令人厌恶的。
These could be due to societal norms, moral or religious beliefs, or perhaps a natural revulsion to killing another of our species, which may be an innate part of the human psychological makeup.
这可能是由于社会规范、道德或宗教信仰，或者天性厌恶杀戮的心理。
The reasons for this are complex, which may stem from humans being a social creature.
原因很复杂，可能源于人类是一种社会生物。
And killing another may jeopardize your survival in the future, whether this is due to eliminating a potential future ally, or fear of reprisal or punishment, or any number of other reasons.
杀死另一个人可能会危及你未来的生存，无论是由于消灭潜在的未来盟友，还是害怕报复或惩罚，还是其他任何原因。
Regardless of why killing another person is difficult, the reluctance to take a human life is something that military spend a great deal of time and effort in overcoming.
无论杀人为何困难，军方花费大量时间和精力去克服不愿杀人的心理。
This is one reason why so much emphasis is placed on repetition and drill.
这就是为什么如此重视重复和训练的原因之一。
When movements are mechanical, any natural hesitation is removed and the soldier can perform actions automatically that he would never consider in any other context.
当动作机械化时，任何自然的犹豫都会消失，士兵可以自动执行在任何其他情况下都不会考虑的动作。
It was hoped that muscle memory and newly formed instinct would override natural inclinations not to kill.
人们希望肌肉记忆和新形成的本能能够克服不杀人的天性。
In the words of one soldier during the First World War, mechanically, we stabbed a dummy figure. Mechanically, we would stab and stab again a breathing human frame.
用一战期间一名士兵的话来说，我们机械地刺伤了一个假人。我们机械地刺伤了一个有呼吸的人体。
In spite of these efforts, such training was not always successful.
尽管如此，这种训练并非总是奏效。
World War I. Historians have long since debated the psychological impact of killing.
历史学家长期以来一直在争论杀戮的心理影响。
In the First World War, soldiers would sit in their trenches covered in mud, exhausted and bloody, and emotionally drained by the horrors they had witnessed.
在第一次世界大战中，士兵们坐在战壕里，浑身沾满泥巴，筋疲力尽，浑身是血，由于目睹恐怖场景而情绪低落。
Yet their letters home to loved ones spoke of the glory of war, the excitement and fun of battle, and their joy at the comradeship shared amongst them.
然而，他们写给亲人的信中却谈到了战争的荣耀、战斗的刺激和乐趣，以及分享战友情谊的喜悦。
In reality, though, things were very different. In the UK, in particular, the British stiff upper lip would lead to a natural reluctance to share their true emotions about what they were experiencing.
但真实情况却大不相同。尤其是在英国，英国人的淡定会导致他们不愿分享自己所经历的真实情感。
And back home those who refused to fight were branded cowards and given white feathers for a soldier in the trenches to share their fears would be tantamount to signing his own rejection letter to English society.
而那些拒绝战斗的人则被打上懦夫的烙印，并被授予白羽毛。如果一名士兵在战壕中分享他们的恐惧，就等于签署对英国社会的拒绝信。
The First World War at least didn't have the same anger and hatred behind it as the preceding wars.
第一次世界大战至少没有像前几次战争那样充满愤怒和仇恨。
They were mostly young men or more accurately boys, fighting a battle they didn't understand and many it seemed avoided killing where possible.
他们大多是年轻人，或者更确切地说是男孩，在打一场他们不理解的战斗，许多人似乎尽可能避免杀戮。
That could be why most of the casualties in World War I were not from hand to hand, face to face fighting but about 59% were the result of artillery fire and three times as many were killed by shells as by bullets.
因此，第一次世界大战中大多数伤亡不是直接交火造成的，约59%是炮火造成的，被炮弹打死的人数是被子弹打死的人数的三倍。
In this war at least, it was a fight for survival and not a fight to kill. Battalions adopted the motto of Live and Let Live only engaging in active warfare when they had no other choice.
至少在这场战争中，这是一场生存之战，而不是杀戮之战。部队奉行“得饶人处且饶人”的座右铭，只有在别无选择时才会主动参与战斗。
