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So, the maritime sector is an interesting one.
海事也是一个有趣的领域。
I think people aren’t really aware of how large and how important it is in the ecosystem of the economy.
我觉得人们并没有真正意识到海事领域在经济生态系统中的规模有多大、有多重要。
Can you describe it a little bit for our listeners?
你能给我们的听众讲讲吗?
Well, most people will think of it now informed by all the supply chain disruptions of COVID and it shows you how complicated and how important that system is to the world.
嗯，大多数人会从新冠导致供应链中断中体会到这一点，这表明该系统对世界有多么复杂和重要。
The biggest aspect of the oceangoing maritime business is, of course, to power globalization.
当然，远洋海运业务最大的方面是推动全球化。
And that’s done on very large tankers and particular containerships that come back and forth bringing cargo.
这是在巨大的油轮、尤其是来回运送货物的集装箱船上完成的。
And we’ve all read about the Port of Long Beach and traffic jams of big cargo vessels.
我们都听说过长堤港大型货船的繁忙拥堵。
There’s a small subset of that industry, which is the, what I’ll call the intra-US business.
这个行业中的一个小分支称之为美国内部业务。
In the immediate post-World War II era, the United States was a huge maritime superpower, and here I’m talking about merchant marine, not the Navy.
在第二次世界大战后不久，美国成为了一个巨大的海上超级大国，这里我说的是商船，而不是海军。
And over time, that became encroached upon by other countries.
随着时间的推移，商船被其他国家侵占。
And laws were set up under something called the Jones Act that said if a vessel is originating and terminating in a US port, it’s got to be US-owned, US-staffed, and US-flagged.
之后便建立了《琼斯法案》，该法案规定，如果一艘船的起讫点都在美国港口，那么必须使用由美国所有、美国员工运营、悬挂美国国旗的船舶。
It’s called registered in the United States.
这在美国被称为注册。
Well, the cost structure of American mariners, the tax system in the United States meant that our US-flagged merchant marine shrank almost to nothing, basically just two vessels that transit between US ports.
美国船员的成本结构，美国的税收制度意味着悬挂美国国旗的商船几乎萎缩为零，基本上只有两艘船在美国港口之间穿梭。
So, California to Hawaii, Seattle to Alaska, and in this case, Florida to Puerto Rico.
从加利福尼亚到夏威夷，从西雅图到阿拉斯加，在这个案例中，从佛罗里达到波多黎各。
And the El Faro was owned by US-owned company TOTE flagged in the United States. All the crew are American citizens.
“El Faro”号由悬挂美国国旗的TOTE公司所有。所有船员都是美国公民。
And that’s a very small part, tiny fraction of the industry.
这只是这个行业很小的一部分。
What products did the El Faro carry?
“El Faro”号运载什么产品?
Originally, she carried vehicles. The El Faro was built in 1975 and was a first generation, what we call roll-on roll-off ship.
起初，“El Faro”号是运载车辆的。“El Faro”号建于1975年，是初代的滚装船(roll-on roll-off ship)。
And it’s literally what you think. You can drive a truck, an 18-wheeler or you can drive an automobile straight onto the thing, almost like a ferry.
这就是你想的字面意思。就像渡船一样，你可以将一辆18轮的大卡车，或一辆汽车直接开进去。
And roll-on roll-off was called RORO if I use that abbreviation.
“roll-on roll-off”的缩写是“RORO”（滚装船）。
ROROs were designed basically, initially by Japanese auto companies to export cars for the United States.
滚装船最初是由日本汽车公司设计的，目的是向美国出口汽车。
And the El Faro was built as that over her very long service life, 40 years before she was lost.
“El Faro”号自建造起服役时间长达40年，之后才沉船失踪。
She was modified a couple of times. So, she was lengthened.
“El Faro”号被改造过几次，延长了船身。
