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Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Sam. And I’m Rob.
大家好。这里是 BBC 学习英语栏目的六分钟英语。我是萨姆。我是罗布。
Now, on Friday the 29th of June 1975,
1975年6月29日星期五，
movie posters appeared in cinemas all over the USA
电影海报出现了在美国各地的电影院里，
with the now notorious words: ‘You’ll never go in the water again’.
海报上写着一句流传至今的话：“你再也不能下水了。”
So, do you know which movie was being promoted, Sam?
萨姆，你知道这宣传的是哪部电影吗？
Yes, I think it was ‘Jaws’ - Steven Spielberg’s infamous horror movie
知道，是《大白鲨》——史蒂文·斯皮尔伯格的一部臭名昭著的恐怖电影。
which terrified a generation with its story of a man-eating great white shark
它讲述了一条吃人的大白鲨的故事，成为一代人的噩梦。
with a taste for revenge and for human flesh.
电影中的大白鲨喜欢复仇，喜欢吃人肉。
'Jaws' multiplied people’s fascination with, and fear of, sharks.
《大白鲨》让人们更加迷恋，也更害怕鲨鱼了。
But sharks’ fearsome reputation is not based on facts.
但鲨鱼并没有那么可怕。
Most attacks on humans are cases of mistaken identity,
大多数鲨鱼攻击人类是因为它认错了，
where the shark mistakes a swimmer for fish.
它把游泳者当成鱼了。
In recent years the average annual number of worldwide deaths from shark bites was as low as four.
近年来，全球平均每年死于鲨鱼咬伤的人数低至4人。
Today sharks should be the apex predators of the ocean -
如今，鲨鱼应该是海洋的顶级捕食者，
the top predator that hunts and eats other animals but has no natural predator of its own.
它是猎食其他动物的顶级捕食者，还没有天敌。
Instead, over 100 million sharks are caught and killed each year
然而，每年有超过1亿条鲨鱼被捕杀，
and, thanks to this overfishing, many shark species are now endangered.
而且由于过度捕捞，许多鲨鱼物种现在濒临灭绝。
We’ll hear more soon, but first I have a question for you, Rob.
我们将讨论这个问题，但首先我有个问题要问你，罗布。
Approximately, how many different species of shark exist today?
目前世界上大约有多少不同种类的鲨鱼？
Is it a) 330? b) 530? or c) 730?
是 a) 330种？b) 530种？还是 c) 730种？
Well, I’ll take a guess at b) 530.
我猜是 b) 530。
OK, I’ll reveal the correct answer later in the programme.
好的，稍后我会在节目中揭晓正确答案。
Now, as Sam mentioned, ‘Jaws’ made many people nervous about swimming in the sea,
正如萨姆提到的，《大白鲨》让许多人不敢在海里游泳，
largely thanks to scenes in the movie showing the shark biting swimmers in a frenzy of teeth and blood.
这在很大程度上是因为电影中鲨鱼满口尖牙、撕咬人类的场景太血腥了。
George Burgess has spent 40 years studying the cause of shark attacks
乔治·伯吉斯花了40年的时间研究鲨鱼袭击人类的原因。
in his job as director of the Florida Programme for Shark Research.
那时，他是佛罗里达鲨鱼研究项目主任。
According to him, the movie’s depiction of great whites is totally unrealistic,
据他所说，这部电影对大白鲨的刻画是完全不真实的，
as he told BBC World Service programme, The Inquiry.
我们听听他在BBC世界服务栏目《调查》中是如何说的。
Will a single shark that’s involved in a bite on a human be more likely to bite another human in the future?
咬过人的鲨鱼会不会更有可能咬人？
In other words, is there something of the ‘Jaws’ image as we saw, unfortunately, in the movies
换句话说，鲨鱼会不会像我们在电影中看到的那样，
of which you had a white shark that, apparently, had a grudge and would try to go after humans.
怀恨在心，追杀人类？
Well, nothing could be further from the truth than that.
没有什么比这更离谱的了。
In the movie, sharks are portrayed as vengeful creatures who recognise and try to kill individual people.
在电影中，鲨鱼会复仇，它们认得人类并试图杀死人类。
The shark in Jaws had a grudge,
《大白鲨》中的鲨鱼心怀怨恨，
a feeling of anger or hatred towards someone because of what they did in the past.
即因为某人过去的所作所为而生气或怨恨他。
According to marine biologist, George Burgess,
根据海洋生物学家乔治·伯吉斯的说法，
this is nothing like the real behaviour of sharks in the wild.
这与鲨鱼在野外的真实行为完全不同。
He says nothing could be further from the truth,
他说，没有什么比这更离谱了。
an expression used to emphasise that something is not true at all.
“nothing could be further from the truth”强调某事根本不是真的。
The actual truth is that sharks have been perfectly designed by evolution for their ocean environment.
事实是，鲨鱼进化成了最能适应海洋生活的样子。
In fact, they have hardly changed over the last 400 million years,
其实，在过去的4亿年里，它们的几乎身体没有改变。
making them even older than the dinosaurs.
因此它们甚至比恐龙还要古老。
Sharks’ characteristic design – their fin, teeth and skin – allows them to thrive in their natural environment.
鲨鱼特有的鳍、牙齿和皮肤等使它们能够在自然环境中茁壮成长。
Listen to Oliver Crimmin, senior curator at London’s Natural History Museum,
我们听一听伦敦自然历史博物馆高级馆长奥利弗·克里明
explaining more to BBC World Service programme, The Inquiry.
在BBC世界服务栏目《调查》中的详细讲解。
If we look at the really successful features of sharks
说起最能体现鲨鱼适应环境的特征，
you’ve got to consider this cartilaginous skeleton – that’s no bone in the skeleton.
就必须说说这个软骨骨架。这个骨架中没有骨头。
That flexible material that the skeleton is made of enables sharks to be very agile,
这种灵活的骨骼材料使鲨鱼非常灵活，
and it enables them to be athletic and it’s lightweight.
使它们能够行动迅速，而且很轻。
Sharks’ skeletons are made of cartilage, not bone.
鲨鱼的骨骼是由软骨组成的，而不是骨头。
Cartilage is a strong flexible tissue which connects joints in the bodies of living creatures.
软骨是一种坚韧的弹性组织，连接着生物体内的关节。
Feel for the bony material in the fold of your ear – that’s cartilage.
摸摸耳朵褶皱中像骨头一样的东西，那就是软骨。
Not having bones allows sharks to be both flexible - able to bend without breaking,
没有骨头使鲨鱼既能灵活地弯曲而不折断，
and agile - able to move their body quickly and easily.
又能快速、轻松地移动身体。
Boneless, bendy, and built for speed, sharks really are the perfect evolutionary design.
无骨、易弯曲、速度又快。鲨鱼真的是完美的海洋生物。
Yet overfishing and the cruel practice of finning, cutting off shark fins to make exotic soups
然而，人类过度捕捞鲨鱼，残忍地割下它们的鳍做成名贵的汤，
and returning the wounded creature to the sea to die, are threatening shark numbers.
还将受伤的鲨鱼扔回大海等待死亡。因此，鲨鱼数量正不断下降。
Which is why it’s tragic that so many of their species are facing extinction.
它们原是海洋霸主，如今许多种类却濒临灭绝。实在可悲。
And speaking of shark species, what was the answer to your question, Sam?
说到鲨鱼的物种，你问题的答案是什么，萨姆？
In my quiz question, I asked how many species of shark there are in existence.
我问你世界上现存多少种鲨鱼。
Yeah, and I guessed it was around 530 different species.
是的，我猜大约有530种。
Which was the correct answer, Rob!
回答正确，罗布！
And the variety of shark species is incredible,
鲨鱼的种类之多令人难以置信，
from giants like the great white to the tiny dwarf lantern shark.
既有大白鲨这样的巨型鲨鱼，也有小小的灯笼鲨。
Ok, let’s recap the vocabulary from this programme all about sharks,
好了，我们回顾一下本期节目中关于鲨鱼的词汇，
the ocean’s apex predator.
它们是海洋中的顶级捕食者。
That’s the top predator that hunts other animals but has no predators of its own.
“apex predator”指捕食其他动物，但没有天敌的捕食者。
If you hold a grudge, you have feelings of anger towards someone because of something they did in the past.
如果你怀有“grudge”，你会因为某人过去的所作所为而愤怒。
The phrase, nothing could be further from the truth, is used to emphasise that something is totally false.
短语“nothing could be further from the truth”强调某事完全不实。
Cartilage is the sstrong flexible tissue connecting bones or joints in the body.
“cartilage”是连接身体中骨骼或关节的坚韧的弹性组织。
Flexible means able to bend without breaking.
“flexible”形容某物能够弯曲而不折断。
And finally, if you’re agile, you can move your body quickly and easily.
最后，“agile”形容某人行动迅速轻盈。
Once again, our six minutes are over.
我们的六分钟又结束了。
Bye for now! Goodbye!
再见了！再见！
