The ultramontanists prevailed, and the Catholicism then exported to the Americas through mass emigration was leery of democracy—and of citizens’ efforts to expand the right to vote to women and to allow moral issues to be decided by majority rule (or vulgar haggling in the statehouse).[qh]
全权拥护教皇派在教徒中盛行,天主教通过大规模移民传播到美洲,他们对民主持怀疑态度,对公民扩大妇女选举权的努力持怀疑态度,对允许道德问题由少数服从多数原则决定(州议会中粗俗的讨价还价式的争论)持怀疑态度
Over time, hostility to modern ideas became the default position of an institution that cleaved to an image of itself as premodern and unchanging. [qh]
随着时间的推移,敌视现代思想成为了教会的默认立场,该机构坚守自己落伍、一成不变的形象
Again and again, the Church’s certainty about what it was against clouded its sense of what it should support, as it adapted to circumstances in ways that seem glaringly inconsistent today. [qh]
以今天看来显然自相矛盾的方式,天主教适应了环境,一次又一次,它对自己所反对的事物的确定,使其对应该支持的事物的意识变得模糊,[qh]
Although the Church criticized the slave trade in Africa, Catholic leaders were slow to support the abolition of slavery in the United States—“so opposed were they to the individualist (at times anti-Catholic) rhetoric they associated with liberal Protestant or secular abolitionists,” McGreevy writes. [qh]
尽管教会批评非洲奴隶贸易,但天主教领袖却迟迟不支持废除美国奴隶制——“他们非常反对自由派新教徒或世俗废奴主义者的个人主义(有时是反天主教)言论,”麦克格里维写道
They fiercely denounced anti-Catholic quotas and discrimination in the United Kingdom, where Anglicanism was the state religion; meanwhile, they ensured that the new republics in Latin America recognized Catholicism as the “national religion,” and often condoned exclusionary practices against Jews and Protestants. [qh]
他们强烈谴责英国的反天主教配额和歧视,而英国国教为圣公会; 与此同时,他们确保拉丁美洲新共和国承认天主教为“国教”,且常常纵容他们对犹太教徒和新教徒的排斥行为
Strangely, the Church lined up against both industrial capitalism and working-class socialism—with many Catholics believing that both were controlled by Jews.[qh]
奇怪的是,天主教既反对工业资本主义又反对工人阶级社会主义——许多天主教徒认为这两者都受犹太教徒控制
The Russian Revolution of 1917 prompted the Church to recognize democracy as a form of government more favorable to belief than atheistic communism was. [qh]
1917年的俄国革命促使天主教承认,民主作为一种政府形式,比无神论的共产主义更有利于信仰
But the Church’s rejection of Bolshevism led it—in enemy-of-my-enemy-is-my-friend style—to back unjust regimes:[qh]
但天主教拒绝接受布尔什维主义导致其以“敌人的敌人就是朋友”的方式支持不公正的政权: [qh]
Mussolini’s Fascists in Italy, Franco’s Falangists in Spain (where the Loyalists were violently anti-Catholic), and the Nazi Party of Adolf Hitler, whom the Vatican praised for his anti-Bolshevism before adopting its notorious neutrality during World War II.[qh]
意大利墨索里尼的法西斯主义支持者,西班牙佛朗哥的长枪党党员(西班牙的保皇派强烈反对天主教),以及阿道夫·希特勒的纳粹党(梵蒂冈曾因希特勒反布尔什维主义而称赞他,但之后在二战期间采取了臭名昭著的中立态度)
“In majority Catholic states such as Brazil, Portugal, and Austria,” McGreevy observes, politicians and Church leaders together articulated “a distinct Catholic authoritarian vision,” made up of “a fierce anti-communism, an underlying drumbeat of anti-Semitism, and skepticism about democratic politics.”[qh]
麦克格里维评论道,“在天主教占多数的国家,如巴西、葡萄牙和奥地利”,政客和教会领袖共同表达了“一种鲜明的天主教威权主义愿景”,他们由“强烈的反共主义、潜在的反犹太主义以及对民主政治的怀疑主义”组成