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Hey there Psych2goers! Welcome back to our channel where we talk about all things psychology.
各位观众，欢迎回到我们频道，为大家讲述关于心理学的一切。
Do you know anyone who's suffering from depression? According to the American Psychological Association,
你知道有谁在抑郁症中挣扎么？根据美国心理学会，
depression is the number one most rampant psychiatric condition worldwide. Still, most of us are unaware of its nature and causes.
抑郁症是世界上最普遍的精神疾病。但我们大多数人都不清楚它的本质和原因。
Making an effort to better understand it makes you more compassionate and better able to help those suffering from it.
努力理解这种疾病能让你更有同情心，能更好地帮助那些抑郁症患者。
Before we begin, we would like to make a quick disclaimer. This video does not serve the purpose of self-diagnosis.
在开始前，我们想要澄清：本视频不用做自我诊断目的，
Rather, it aims to help you understand the disorder better.
仅能帮助大家更好地理解这种疾病。
With that said, here are eight of the most widely researched causes of depression.
话不多说，以下是抑郁症最常被研究的8个原因。
1. Stressful Life Events.
1. 应激性生活事件。
Is an event causing you unusual stress lately?
最近某件事让你一场紧张吗？
Most people who develop depression report experiencing a stressful life event in the recent past,
大部分抑郁症患者表示在近期经历过应激性生活事件，
like being in an accident, losing a job, getting a divorce, having a child, or experiencing a death in the family.
比如遭遇事故、失业、离婚、生孩子，或家庭成员离世。
Stress, however, is highly relative and while not everyone who goes through these things becomes depressed,
然而压力与之高度相关，虽然并不是每个经历过这类事情的人都会抑郁，
that doesn't mean that the people who do become depressed are just overreacting.
但这并不意味着那些抑郁症患者只是反应过度了。
We all react to stress to varying degrees. For example, the end of an important relationship may cause a person
我们都对压力有着不同程度的反应。例如，一段重要关系的终止可能会给人带来
a lot more emotional distress than they know how to cope with, leading them to spiral into depression.
很多他们不知道如何应对的情绪困扰，导致他们陷入抑郁。
2. Learned Helplessness.
2. 习得性无助。
According to the theory of depression, pioneered by Martin Seligman, the founder of positive psychology,
根据积极心理学创始人马丁·塞利格曼开创的抑郁症理论，
people succumb to depression when they feel powerless against the negative events of their lives.
当人们对生活中的负面事件感到无力时，他们就会患上抑郁症。
This happens when they have what psychologists call a Depressive Attributional Style, which has three main characteristics.
当他们出现抑郁的归因风格时，就会患上抑郁症，其中包含三个主要特征：
Number one is internal: 'This bad thing that happened is because of me.'
第一个是内在的：‘因为我，这件不好的事情才会发生的。’
Secondly, it's stable: 'This bad thing will keep happening to me.' And lastly, it's global: 'Everything in my life is bad.'
第二个是持久的：‘这种坏事会一直发生在我身上。’最后一种是全面的：‘我生活中的一切都是糟糕的。’
This kind of thinking is especially common in those who become depressed at an earlier age.
这种想法在那些早年患上抑郁症的人身上尤其常见。
And it fosters a strong sense of hopelessness that negatively impacts them for the rest of their lives.
并且这会培养成一种强烈的无助感，对患者余生都有负面的影响。
3. Negative Cognitive Styles.
3. 消极的认知方式。
'This is all my fault!', 'This sucks!', 'Everyone doesn't care about me!' Do you relate to these expressions?
‘这都是我的错！’、‘这糟糕透了！’、‘大家都不在乎我！’这些话听起来熟悉吗？
These are what Beck called Cognitive Distortions or problematic patterns of thinking.
这些就是Beck所说的认知扭曲或有问题的思维模式。
Famous for developing cognitive behavioral therapy,
以发展认知行为疗法而闻名的Eren Beck
Eren Beck believed that depression was the result of a tendency to perceive events in a pessimistic way.
认为抑郁症是倾向于以悲观的方式看待事件的结果。
Choosing to see only the negative side of a situation or fixating too much on a minor mistake,
选择只看事情的消极面，或过于关注小错误，
leads to development of depressive symptoms in people as well.
都会导致抑郁症状的发展。
4. Hormonal Imbalances.
4. 荷尔蒙失衡。
Do you feel an increase in your irritability and anxiety as of late? Are you struggling with mood irregularities or poor appetite?
近来你是否感到你的易怒和焦虑有所增加？你是否在与情绪不正常或食欲不振作斗争？
All of these are related to hormones in the body, mainly serotonin. Like other disorders depression also has its roots in hormonal imbalance.
这些都和身体中的荷尔蒙相关，主要是血清素。和其他障碍一样，抑郁症的根源也在于荷尔蒙不平衡。
Studies show that low levels of the hormone serotonin might be responsible for the development of depression.
研究表明血清素水平低可能是导致抑郁症的原因。
This is because the primary function of serotonin is to regulate our emotions and any imbalance negatively affects our mood.
这是因为血清素的主要功能是调节情绪，任何不平衡都会对我们的情绪产生负面影响。
5. Overactive endocrine system.
5. 过度活跃的内分泌系统。
The endocrine system is the mechanism in the body responsible for releasing hormones.
内分泌系统是身体中负责释放荷尔蒙的机制。
Research shows that an overactive endocrine system can result in an oversupply of stress hormones,
研究表明，过度活跃的内分泌系统会导致压力荷尔蒙过度供应，
which is common in those diagnosed with depression.
这在抑郁症患者中很常见。
This is most likely because stress hormones have an adverse effect on our neurons and leads to shrinkage of the hippocampus over time.
这很可能是因为压力荷尔蒙对我们的神经元有负面影响，导致海马体随着时间的推移而收缩。
The hippocampus is the brain region responsible for sleep regulation, short-term memory, concentration and other cognitive processes.
海马体是大脑中负责睡眠调节、短期记忆、注意力和其他认知过程的区域。
6. Family history of depression.
6. 家族遗传抑郁症。
Do you have a family member who has been diagnosed with depression or bipolar disorder?
你有家庭成员被诊断患有抑郁症或躁郁症吗？
If so, this makes you nearly three times more likely to develop depression.
如果如此，你患抑郁症的可能性会增加近三倍。
And having an identical twin with depression puts you at 80 percent more risk of developing the disorder yourself.
如果有一个同卵双胞胎患有抑郁症，那么你自己患抑郁症的风险就会增加80%。
More so than having a depressed fraternal twin. This is because studies suggest that depression is a genetically heritable disorder.
比有个患抑郁症异卵双胞胎更严重。这是因为研究表明抑郁症是一种遗传性疾病。
This does not, however, mean you are bound to suffer from it. It just means that you're more susceptible to it.
但这并不意味着你一定会患上抑郁症，这只是表明可能性更高而已。
7. Dysfunctional home life.
7. 异常的家庭生活。
Growing up in an abusive family can leave a lot of psychological damage on a child.
在一个受虐待的家庭长大会给孩子带来很多心理伤害。
And sadly most victims of early childhood abuse, whether it's physical, emotional or sexual go on to develop depression,
可悲的是，大部分儿童时期虐待的受害者，不论是身体上、心理还是性虐待，长大后，都会患上抑郁症、
anxiety, PTSD and other trauma related disorders when they get older.
焦虑症、PTSD以及其他相关的创伤。
Coming from a broken family or being abandoned by a parent at a young age-also puts the person at greater risk of depression,
来自一个破碎的家庭或在很小的时候就被父母遗弃也会增加患抑郁症的风险，
as well as having a parent or caregiver die when a child is still young.
童年失去父母或照顾者也一样。
And 8. Lack of social support.
8. 缺乏社会支持。
Last but certainly not least, a lack of social support is an important contributing factor to a person's depression.
最后，缺乏社会支持是导致抑郁的一个重要因素。
Having few or no close meaningful relationships in your life makes it harder for you to be emotionally vulnerable with someone
生命中很少或没有亲密且有意义的关系会让你在与某人相处时更难在情感上脆弱，
and cope with your emotions in a healthy, functional way. It leads you to feeling isolated and disconnected from those around you.
也更难以一种健康、有效的方式处理你的情感。这会导致你感到孤独，和周围的人没有联系。
Fostering strong feelings of loneliness and worthlessness that could worsen into depression, if left unresolved.
如果得不到解决，这些培养起来的孤独感和无价值感可能会恶化成抑郁症。
Do you relate to any of these points mentioned in the video?
你有以上提到的几点吗？
A combination of several different factors that may vary from person to person can all lead to developing this disorder.
几种不同因素的结合都有可能导致抑郁症。
So, if you feel that you may be suffering from depression or know someone who is,
所以，如果你觉得自己可能患有抑郁症或知道其他人有抑郁症，
don't hesitate to reach out to a mental health care professional today and get the help you need.
不要犹豫，一定要咨询精神健康专业人士，并获得你需要的帮助。
If you found this video helpful, be sure to share it with someone who might also benefit from it.
如果你觉得本期视频有用，请一定要和需要的人分享。
Like this video and subscribe to psych2go for more content. As always thanks for watching!
点赞并订阅本期视频，以获取更多内容。一如既往，感谢收看！
