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There are many ways in which to build new bodies across scale, from the biomolecular to the scale of tissues and organs.
有许多方法可以超越常规来建立新的身体，从生物分子层面到组织和器官层面。
Today, I want to talk about one area of NeuroEmbodied Design,
今天，我想谈谈神经体现设计中的一个领域，
in which the body's tissues are manipulated and sculpted using surgical and regenerative processes.
使用外科手术和再生技术，对人体组织进行处理和重塑。
The current amputation paradigm hasn't changed fundamentally since the US Civil War
自美国内战以来，截肢规范并没有发生根本性的改变，
and has grown obsolete in light of dramatic advancements in actuators, control systems and neural interfacing technologies.
随着执行器、控制系统和神经接口技术的迅猛发展，原来的截肢规范早已过时。
A major deficiency is the lack of dynamic muscle interactions for control and proprioception.
一个主要的缺陷是缺少了用来进行控制和本体感知的动态肌肉间的相互作用。
What is proprioception? When you flex your ankle, muscles in the front of your leg contract,
什么是本体感知呢？当你弯曲脚踝时，腿前部的肌肉就会收缩，
simultaneously stretching muscles in the back of your leg.
同时，腿后部的肌肉则会伸展。
The opposite happens when you extend your ankle.
当你伸展脚踝时，肌肉的作用正好相反。
Here, muscles in the back of your leg contract, stretching muscles in the front.
当腿后面的肌肉收缩时，腿前面的肌肉就会伸展。
When these muscles flex and extend, biological sensors within the muscle tendons send information through nerves to the brain.
当这些肌肉弯曲和伸展时，肌肉肌腱内的生物传感器通过神经向大脑发送信息。
This is how we're able to feel where our feet are without seeing them with our eyes.
这就是为何我们根本不用看就能感觉到脚的位置。
