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Odds are, you think you know yourself pretty well.
很有可能，你认为你很了解自己。
So if I asked you a bunch of questions, like if you're generous, or how good a driver you are compared to other people,
所以，如果我问你一堆问题，比如你是否慷慨大方，或者和别人相比你的驾驶技术有多好，
you would probably have some confident answers for me.
你可能会给我提供一些自信的答案。
Except… I have some bad news. According to research, your answers to many of these questions likely are not all that accurate.
除了，我有个坏消息。根据研究，你对其中许多问题的回答可能并不完全准确。
Scientists have compared how people assess their abilities to how they objectively perform, and the two often do not line up.
科学家们将人们如何评价自己的能力，与他们的客观表现进行了比较，而这两者往往不一致。
But if nothing else, there does seem to be a reason for this, and a way people can get better.
但这似乎是有原因的，也有办法让人们变得更加准确。
Much of the research in this field centers around something called the Dunning-Kruger effect.
这个领域的许多研究都围绕着一种叫做“邓宁-克鲁格效应”的现象展开。
It's usually described as a type of cognitive bias where unskilled people believe they are more competent, more capable, and smarter than they really are.
它通常被描述为一种认知偏差，非技术人员认为他们比实际情况能力更强、更聪明。
So in part, unskilled people are more likely to over-estimate their skill level, underestimate the skill level of those around them, and be unable to recognize expertise.
所以在某种程度上，非技术人员更容易高估自己的技能水平，低估周围人的技能水平，无法识别专业知识。
But it's not just those with the least skill who misjudge themselves.
但不仅是那些最没技巧的人会错误地评估自己。
The highest performers also inaccurately rate their skill set, just in different ways.
表现最好的人也会不准确地评价他们的技能，只是用的方式不同而已。
While they are generally good at self-assessment, like, they can pretty accurately tell you how many questions they got right on a quiz,
虽然他们一般都擅长自我评估，比如，他们能相当准确地告诉你，他们在一次测验中答对了多少问题。
they tend to think that they're less skilled relative to others.
但是，他们往往认为，相对于其他人来说他们的技能较低。
Though there is some nuance to this.
尽管存在一些细微差别。
In a 2014 meta-synthesis, for example, researchers found that people's self-evaluations were more likely to match others' evaluations in more specific, objective, or familiar domains.
例如，在2014年的一项综合研究中，研究人员发现，人们的自我评价更有可能在更具体、更客观或更熟悉的领域与他人的评价相匹配。
For example, like, "the ability to shoot free throws".
例如，“罚球能力”。
Those evaluations tended to diverge when it came to more vague areas, like "general athleticism".
当涉及到更模糊的领域，如“一般运动性”时，这些评价往往会出现分歧。
Still, overall, those results leave a lot of room for improvement.
不过，总的来说，这些结果仍有很大的改进空间。
One reason understanding yourself can be so difficult depends on your actual level of skill.
了解自己之所以如此困难，其中一个原因取决于你的实际技能水平。
As I mentioned earlier, part of the Dunning-Kruger effect describes the way highly skilled people underestimate their abilities and unskilled people overestimate them.
正如我前面提到的，部分的邓宁-克鲁格效应描述的是高技能者低估他们的能力，以及非熟练者高估他们能力的方式。
But those misjudgments don't happen for the same reason.
但是，这些误判并非出于相同的原因。
Dunning and Kruger's research shows that highly-skilled people have a hard time comparing themselves to others because they assume that since they know the information, everyone else must know it, too.
邓宁和克鲁格的研究表明，高技能者很难将自己与他人进行比较。因为他们认为，既然他们知道这些信息，其他人也一定知道。
Unskilled people, on the other hand, often don't have the tools to judge their own skills,
另一方面，非技术人员往往没有工具来判断自己的技能。
so they think their ability is higher than it is because they don't know what the real skill entails.
因此，他们认为自己的能力高于实际水平，因为他们不知道真正的技能需要什么。
Like, I know nothing about flying an airplane, so I might look at a cockpit and think it's just like driving a car.
比如，我对驾驶飞机一无所知。所以，我可能会看着驾驶舱，觉得它就像开车一样。
And since I know how to drive, I totally know how to fly a plane.
既然我知道怎么开车，那我就完全知道怎么驾驶飞机了。
Which I do not! I don't know how to fly a plane! At least I know that.
但我并不知道！我不知道怎么驾驶飞机！至少我认识到这一点。
Now, it might seem like the solution to this is just good old-fashioned feedback.
现在，解决这一问题的办法似乎就是用一种老式的反馈信息法。
But weirdly, that isn't always true.
但奇怪的是，这并不总是真的。
High performers are more likely to adjust their expectations of other people's skill based on feedback.
高绩效者更有可能根据反馈信息，调整对他人技能的期望。
But under-performers can be told how bad they are at something and still be overly optimistic about how well they're gonna do the next time, as well as how they compared to others.
但表现不佳者，可以被告知他们在某件事情上有多糟糕，同时仍对他们下一次的表现，以及与其他人相比较时保持乐观的心态。
Though, researchers have found a few ways to fix this tendency.
不过，研究人员已经找到一些方法来矫正这种趋势。
For people who aren't very good at something, one way to improve self-assessment is to get better at metacognitive skills, that is, thinking about thinking.
对于那些不擅长某件事的人来说，提高自我评估的一个方法是提高元认知技能，也就是反省性思考。
In Dunning and Kruger's 1999 paper that launched the name for this effect, they tested the logic skills of 140 participants and asked them to rate how well they thought they did.
在邓宁和克鲁格1999年发表的论文中，他们测试了140名参与者的逻辑技能，并要求他们对自己的表现进行打分。
Then, the researchers gave half of them a logic training session.
随后，研究人员给其中半数人进行了逻辑训练。
Finally, they asked all of the participants to rate how well they'd done on the original test, one more time.
最后，他们让所有的参与者再次评估他们在最初测试中的表现。
Before the training, those who scored in the lowest percentiles overestimated their abilities more than anyone else in their experiment, as usual.
在训练之前，那些得分位于最低百分位数的人，和往常一样在实验中高估了自己的能力。
But after the training, they were as good at judging their own abilities as the highest performers were.
但经过训练，他们和表现最好的人一样善于判断自己的能力。
Essentially, the researchers suggested that they'd gotten better at thinking about their own thought processes.
从本质上说，研究人员认为他们更善于思考自己的思维过程。
And that helped them more accurately evaluate their own performance.
这有助于他们更准确地评估自己的表现。
More broadly, other research has suggested that the way you think about intelligence may affect the accuracy of your self-assessments, at least for some things.
说得更明了一些，其他研究表明，你思考智力的方式可能会影响你对自我进行评估时的准确性，至少在某些方面如此。
In a 2007 study, Joyce Ehrlinger, one of Dunning and Kruger's colleagues, gave participants various word problems and also asked them about their views on intelligence.
在2007年的一项研究中，邓宁和克鲁格的一位同事乔伊斯·埃尔林给参与者提出了各种词汇问题，并询问他们对自己智力的看法。
Erhlinger found that those who considered intelligence a fixed skill, rather than one that could be improved, were generally overconfident in self-assessments of their performance.
埃尔林格发现，那些认为智力是一项固定技能，而不是一项可以提高的技能的人，通常在评估自己的自我表现时过于自信。
Research suggests that this happened because that group was more motivated to succeed, so they tended to better remember the parts of the test that went well.
研究表明，这种情况的发生是因为这个小组更有动力取得成功，所以他们倾向于更好地记住在测试中进行得好的部分。
And that makes sense. If you think your intelligence is an inherent, fixed thing, it could be hard to wrestle with the implications of a low score.
这样解释得通，如果你认为自己的智力是一种内在、固定不变的东西，那么就很难应对低分数这样的结果。
Meanwhile, if you think you can learn to be more intelligent,
同时，如果你认为自己能学着变得更聪明，
you might not be afraid to focus on the easy and difficult parts of the test, so your self-assessment might not be as biased.
你可能不会害怕把注意力集中在考试中容易和困难的部分。因此，你的自我评估可能不会那么偏颇。
So in that sense, not being afraid to fail and make mistakes could help you have a more accurate view of your skills.
所以，从这个意义上来说，不怕失败、不怕犯错，可以帮助你对自己的技能拥有一个更准确的认识。
Alternatively, there are some exercises you could try, including one we are exploring with Vanessa from BrainCraft,
或者，你也可以尝试一些练习，我们也正在和Braincraft频道的凡妮莎一起进行探讨，
which is a channel on YouTube if you don't know, it's amazing.
BrainCraft 是YouTube上的一个频道，如果你不知道的话，那就太神奇了。
Please follow me over to her channel so you can see how to increase your self-awareness and then you can subscribe if you like it.
跟我一起去看看她的频道吧，这样你可以看到如何提高自我意识。如果你喜欢的话，就可以订阅。
Thanks Hank!
谢谢汉克！
So this tool that Hank mentioned is called the Johari window and it's a really helpful way to figure out what you believe about yourself versus how others see you.
汉克提到的工具叫做Johari window，它是一种很实用的方法，能让你对自我评价和别人对你的看法进行比较。
So over on my channel BrainCraft, I'm gonna to try this out with Hank, so please follow us over, and I'll see you there!
回到BrainCraft频道，我要和汉克一起试一下。跟我们过来吧，我们在那儿见！
