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Some psychologists used to think of newborn babies as a blank slate.
一些心理学家过去把新生婴儿看作是一张白纸。
Absolutely no knowledge, no beliefs, no nothing.
完全没有知识，没有信仰，什么都没有。
I mean, how could they have any of that?
他们怎么会有什么呢？
They haven't exactly had time to pick it up.
他们还没有时间去学。
While this seems intuitive, current research tells us that it's not quite that straightforward.
虽然这看起来很直观，但目前的研究告诉我们，并不是那么简单。
There's evidence to suggest that human infants have an innate concern for the wellbeing of others, and that it sticks with us through our lives.
有证据表明，人类的婴儿天生就关心他人的幸福，而且这种关心贯穿于我们的一生。
In other words, we humans might be fundamentally… nice.
换言之，我们人类可能从本质上来说是善良的。
Stop me if you've heard this one before.
如果你以前听过这种说法就中断我的话。
A person signs up as an organ donor, and donates a kidney to a stranger, saving their life and leaving the donor with one kidney and some fuzzy feelings.
一个人报名成为器官捐赠者，把一个肾捐给陌生人，挽救他们的生命。捐赠者剩下一个肾和一些模糊的感觉。
As heartwarming a story as this is, if you think about it, this kind of behavior doesn't really make sense.
像这样温馨的故事，如果你仔细想想，这种行为其实说不通。
The benefits of giving up literal organs to literal strangers are less than obvious -- to say the least.
至少可以说，把器官给陌生人所带来的好处并不明显。
Do we do these things simply because we're brought up to be kind, or is it something deeper?
我们做这些事情仅仅是因为我们被培养成善良的人，还是因为更深层次的东西？
This kind of behavior is known as altruism - helping behavior that seemingly offers no personal reward, and may even incur personal cost.
这种行为被称为利他主义，这是一种帮助他人的行为，并不要个人回报，甚至可能会让个体受到损失。
And researchers believe it may hinge on our ability to feel empathy.
研究人员认为，这可能取决于我们的移情能力。
Some scientists argue that because empathy enables us to feel the emotional pain of someone in need,
一些科学家认为，因为移情能让我们感受到需要帮助者的情感痛苦，
alleviating that pain is a reward in itself, as it makes both the helper and the recipient feel better.
减轻这种痛苦本身就是一种回报，因为它能让帮助者和接受者都感觉更好。
And, what's more, some argue that this kind of compulsion to do good might be innate.
而且，更有甚者，有人认为这种行善的冲动可能是天生的。
As in, there from birth.
好像从出生时就这样。
Conventional wisdom might have you believe that kids only really start figuring out how to be helpful when they're maybe a couple of years old.
传统的观点可能会让你认为，孩子只有到几岁时才会真正开始思考如何帮助别人。
You know, after they've had some life experience.
要在他们体验过一些生活经历之后。
Like 'yes, you've gotta share your toys', and 'no, the cat doesn't like being in the toilet'.
比如“是的，你必须分享你的玩具”，以及“不，猫不喜欢待在厕所里”。
Tim...Get the cat out of the toilet Tim!
提姆，把猫从马桶里弄出来，提姆！
However, a 2017 study published in Nature Human Behavior found that infants as young as six months old preferred intervening to protect characters from harm.
然而，2017年发表在《自然人类行为》期刊上的一项研究发现，6个月大的婴儿更喜欢干预，以保护别人免受伤害。
In the first part of this study, 20 six-month-old children were shown videos of two simple, circle-shaped characters with eyes interacting aggressively with each other.
在这项研究的第一部分中，20个六个月大的孩子观看两个简单的圆形人物的视频，这两个人物的眼睛怒视对方。
And next to them, a cube colored either green or orange watched.
在他们旁边，一个绿色或橙色的立方体注视着他们。
When the cube was green, it intervened and broke up the “fight”.
立方体是绿色时，它介入后就打破了“战斗”态势。
When it was orange, it just stood by.
立方体是橙色时，它只是站在旁边。
After watching some of these videos, the babies were presented with two little models - a green cube with eyes, and an orange cube with eyes.
在观看了其中一些视频后，向婴儿们展示两个小模型。一个有眼睛的绿色立方体和一个有眼睛的橙色立方体。
17 out of the 20 children reached for the green cube over the orange cube that was happy to let its circle buddies knock each other out.
20个婴儿中有17个伸手去拿绿色立方体，超过了拿橙色立方体的婴儿，他们很高兴让围成一圈的朋友们把它们互相击倒。
Remember -- these were infants too young to even talk.
记住——这些婴儿都太小了，连话都不会说。
Nice cubes definitely don't finish last.
好的方块肯定不会最后完成。
The authors believe this is evidence that even as young as six months old,
作者认为，这是证据，即使是六个月大的孩子，
we're able to grasp the idea of behaving in a socially beneficial way, and want to associate with those that help others.
也能够理解以有益于社会的方式行事的理念，并希望与那些帮助他人的人交往。
These findings don't totally disprove the idea that newborns are blank slates.
这些发现并不能完全否定新生儿是白纸的观点。
But they do point towards most infants having an innate understanding that they should help others.
但他们确实指出，大多数婴儿天生就知道应该帮助别人。
However, that doesn't always mean that they'll use it.
然而，这并不总是意味着他们会使用这种观点行事。
A study published in 2014 illustrated this through some clever studies that showed preschoolers are more likely to help someone in need
2014年发表的一项研究通过一些聪明的研究说明了这一点，这些研究表明，如果学龄前儿童第一次参与研究人员所称的互惠互动，
if they'd first taken part in what the researchers called a reciprocal interaction.
他们更有可能帮助有需要的人。
Over a series of experiments on thirty 1- to 2-year-olds, they found evidence that engaging directly with the children in reciprocal play
在对30个1到2岁的孩子进行的一系列实验中，他们发现了直接与孩子们互动的证据，
- like, passing a ball between them - made the kids much more likely to help than if they'd each just played with their own ball beside each other.
比如，在他们之间传球，使孩子们比只在对方旁边玩自己的球更有可能去帮助别人。
After playing either together or side by side, the experimenter would then put the toys away and pretend that they needed a hand reaching a small object that was just out of their grasp.
在一起玩或者并排玩之后，实验者会把玩具放在一边，假装他们需要一只手去拿一个抓不住的小东西。
The children were given 30 seconds in which they could jump in to help before the experimenter assumed they weren't going to.
给孩子们30秒的时间，在实验者以为他们不会去帮忙之前，他们就可能行动了。
The results showed that kids who had played reciprocally with the experimenter were significantly more likely to lend a hand than those than had played solo.
结果显示，与独自一人玩的孩子相比，与实验者一起玩的孩子更容易伸出援手。
This suggests that even though we know how to help someone when we're super young, whether that's innate or not,
这表明，在我们特别小的时候，即使我们知道如何帮助别人，不管这是否与生俱来的，
the closeness of relationships between ourselves and others might govern whether or not we actually behave that way.
我们与他人之间的亲密关系都可能决定我们是否真的会这样做。
Some researchers take this further and suggest that as we internalize social norms and morals,
一些研究人员对此进行了进一步的研究，认为当我们将社会规范和道德内化时，
we build upon our potentially innate altruistic urges, and they shape just how ready we may be to help someone.
我们建立在潜在的内在利他主义欲望之上，这些欲望决定了我们帮助他人的准备程度。
As we grow into adults, it can be harder to see the value of the random, small social connections between ourselves and others.
随着我们长大成人，我们可能更难看到自己和他人之间随机的、微小的社会关系的价值。
And sometimes what society has led us to believe might make us less ready to help.
有时候，社会让我们相信的东西可能会让我们不太愿意去帮助别人。
But studies like this suggest that maybe if we continue to see others as connected to us, we can keep ourselves motivated to stay altruistic.
但这样的研究表明，也许如果我们继续把别人看作与我们有联结，我们就能使自己保持利他的动机。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych.
感谢收看本期《心理科学秀》。
Before you go, we want to shout out to our new Complexly sister channel, Journey to the Microcosmos.
在你离开之前，我们想大声宣布我们最新的姐妹频道Complexly 的《微观世界之旅》节目。
If you're fascinated by the natural world, you're really gonna like this one.
如果你对自然世界着迷，就会喜欢这个节目。
Journey to the Microcosmos shows you the universe in a drop of pond water,
《微观世界之旅》展示了一滴水中的宇宙，
with incredible microscopic footage by James Weiss, music by Andrew Huang, and voiceover by Hank Green.
由詹姆斯·韦斯拍摄的令人难以置信的微观镜头、音乐由安德鲁·黄制作，汉克·格林配音。
And, guys -- it's so relaxing.
这个节目让人非常放松。
If you just want to chill out to footage of tardigrades for 10 minutes, we so have you covered.
如果你只想静下来看10分钟缓步动物的节目，我们也会为你制作的。
Check it out at the link in the description below.
请查看下面描述中的链接。
