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Having a newborn can be a joyous experience but it can also be overwhelming.
有了新宝宝可能是个愉快的经历，但也可能让你无力应对。
After all, you're suddenly responsible for this helpless, needy human being.
毕竟，你突然要为这个无助、需要各方面支持的人负责。
And while they might be super adorable, they're also not that interesting for a while.
虽然他们可能超可爱，但也有一段时间没那么有趣。
On top of that, there are all kinds of hormone fluctuations, sleep disruptions, and potential complications from labor and delivery.
除此之外，还有各种各样的荷尔蒙波动，睡眠中断，以及分娩和生育引发的潜在并发症。
So even if you're not the one who gave birth, there's a lot to deal with.
所以即使你不是生孩子的那个人，也有很多事情要处理。
These days, it's becoming more well-known that things like postpartum depression exist, but the reality is, depression isn't the only postpartum disorder out there.
如今，越来越多的人知道产后抑郁症的存在，但事实上，抑郁症并不是唯一的产后紊乱表现。
Having a kid does some weird things to the brain, and that can lead to or aggravate all kinds of psychiatric conditions.
有个孩子会促使大脑做出一些奇怪的事，这会导致或加重各种精神疾病。
According to the World Health Organization, up to 20% of people who give birth develop postpartum psychiatric disorders.
据世界卫生组织称，高达20%的分娩者会患上产后精神障碍。
These include depression, anxiety, OCD, PTSD, and psychosis.
这些症状包括抑郁、焦虑、强迫症、创伤后应激障碍和精神病。
And without screening and treatment, they can take a serious toll on someone and their child.
如果不进行筛查和治疗，他们可能会对某人和他们的孩子造成严重的伤害。
They can also happen to a parent who doesn't give birth.
这也可能发生在没有生育的家长身上。
The research is more limited there — especially when it comes to groups like adoptive parents — but data suggest that at least 5% to 10% of new dads develop postpartum depression.
在此方面的研究更为有限，尤其是对于养父母这样的群体。但数据显示，至少有5%到10%的新爸爸会患上产后抑郁症。
And up to 18% develop postpartum anxiety disorders.
高达18%的人还会出现产后焦虑障碍。
No matter whom you're studying, though, figuring out what causes these conditions is extremely tricky, because there are so many variables involved.
不过，不管你的研究对象是谁，找出引发这些疾病的原因都非常棘手，因为涉及的变量太多。
Anything from genetics to finances could play a role, and in general, postpartum conditions are still underdiagnosed and understudied.
从遗传学到财务方面的任何因素都可能发挥作用，而且一般来说，对于产后疾病的诊断和研究仍然不够。
But even though the science isn't crystal clear, that doesn't mean researchers have no idea what's happening.
但即使科学还不十分清楚，这并不意味着研究人员不知道发生了什么。
Take one study of more than 8000 women in England.
以英国8000多名女性为研究对象的一项调查为例子。
It identified that two of the greatest risk factors for developing any postpartum psychiatric disorder were anxiety and depression during pregnancy.
该研究发现，患上任何类型产后精神障碍的两个最主要危险因素，是怀孕期间的焦虑和抑郁症。
Other studies have found that having a history of any mental illness before having kids seems to increase the overall risk, too.
其他研究发现，在生育之前患过任何精神疾病的病史似乎也会增加总体患病风险。
But that isn't where their research has stopped.
但是，他们的研究并未就此停止。
For each of the major conditions, scientists have also managed to identify factors that might play a large role.
对于每一种主要病症，科学家们也设法找出了可能发挥很大作用的因素。
For one, they think social and environmental factors play a huge part in postpartum depression and anxiety disorders.
一方面，他们认为社会和环境因素在产后抑郁症和焦虑症中起着很大的作用。
These factors include marital status, finances, family support, food security, and more.
这些因素包括婚姻状况、经济状况、家庭支持、食品安全等。
And while research is ongoing, the general idea is that these things may cause symptoms by influencing someone's hormone levels or gene expression.
虽然研究还在进行中，但总的观点是这些因素可能通过影响某人的荷尔蒙水平或基因表达而引发症状。
A good example of when this happens is with postpartum depression.
产后抑郁症就是一个很好的例子。
Its symptoms include overwhelming feelings of sadness, severe fatigue, and loss of interest in daily activities.
其症状包括极度悲伤、严重疲劳和对日常活动失去兴趣。
And in the U.S., it's thought to affect up to 1 in 5 parents who give birth.
而在美国，人们认为这会影响多达五分之一的生育方家长。
But the data also suggest that those numbers can go up when people experience things like food insecurity or a lack of access to healthcare.
但数据也表明，当人们遇到食品不安全或缺乏医疗保障等情况时，这些数字可能会上升。
Factors like this can also impact whether someone develops postpartum generalized anxiety disorder, which involves chronic worry.
这样的因素也会影响是否有人会患上产后广泛性焦虑症，这种疾病涉及慢性焦虑。
And they can influence postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder, which involves unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
它们也会影响产后强迫症，包括不必要的想法和重复性行为。
Some conditions even have more specific environmental causes, like postpartum PTSD — or post-traumatic stress disorder.
有些病症甚至有更具体的环境原因，如产后创伤性应激障碍。
Someone with this condition will feel severe distress when they think about a certain trauma, and they will avoid things that remind them of it.
患有这种疾病的人在想到某种创伤时会感到极度痛苦，他们会回避那些让他们回忆起来的事情。
And in this case, the cause can actually be pretty straightforward.
在这种情况下，原因实际上非常直接。
It's not true for all people, but postpartum PTSD can happen when birth felt traumatic.
并非所有人都这样，但当生育过程极为痛苦时，也可能会引发产后创伤性应激障碍。
Of course, just because scientists think these factors play a big role doesn't mean they're the only culprits.
当然，仅仅因为科学家认为这些因素发挥着很大作用，并不意味着它们就是唯一的罪魁祸首。
Someone's genetic background will also contribute to their mental health.
一个人的基因背景也会是影响心理健康的因素。
For some disorders, though, researchers believe that things like genetics and hormones play an even bigger part.
不过，对于某些疾病而言，研究人员认为像遗传学和荷尔蒙这样的东西发挥着更大的作用。
A good example is with postpartum psychosis.
产后精神病就是一个很好的例子。
This is among the rarest and most severe postpartum psychiatric illnesses, and it typically requires immediate intervention.
这是最罕见、最严重的产后精神疾病之一，通常需要立即干预。
Although it's hard to get a clear estimate, it seems to occur in roughly 1 or 2 people out of every thousand who give birth.
虽然很难明确估计，但大约每千名分娩者中，就会有1或2人出现这种疾病。
And the symptoms appear within a few days or weeks following delivery.
症状出现在分娩后几天或几周内。
Those symptoms start suddenly, too, and they include paranoia; grandiose, bizarre delusions; and extreme mood swings.
这些症状也会突然出现，其中包括偏执狂、夸大其词、怪异的妄想和极端性情绪波动。
And unlike conditions like OCD or anxiety, these impairments can be so severe that someone becomes in danger of harming their child.
与强迫症或焦虑症不同的是，这些损害可能极其严重，以至于有人有伤害到孩子的危险。
Thankfully, there are treatments for this disorder, but because it can appear so fast and is so extreme, scientists have spent time looking at the risk factors.
万幸的是，有治疗这种疾病的方法，但由于它发病速度太快、症状过于极端，科学家们花费时间在研究这些危险因素。
So far, the biggest one seems to be bipolar disorders.
到目前为止，最严重的似乎是双相情感障碍。
In fact, evidence suggests that postpartum psychosis is actually just an extreme version of these conditions, and that it happens when hormone changes after birth crank existing symptoms way up.
事实上，有证据表明产后精神病实际上只是这些疾病的极端表现。生育后荷尔蒙变化，导致现有症状加剧时，就会引发这种疾病。
The case isn't totally closed on this, though, since some research has found that at least half of those who ended up with postpartum psychosis hadn't been diagnosed with bipolar disorders.
不过，这种情况还没有完全结束，因为一些研究发现，至少有一半的产后精神病患者没有被诊断为双相情感障碍。
And there are also some data that suggest that some cases of postpartum psychosis could be an extreme form of postpartum depression, or the onset or recurrence of disorders like schizophrenia.
还有一些数据表明，一些产后精神病病例可能是产后抑郁症的极端形式，或者是精神分裂症等疾病的发作或复发。
Regardless, it's not a bad idea for those with a history of these conditions to talk with their doctor before giving birth.
不管怎样，对于具有这些病史的人来说，在分娩前和医生谈谈是个好主意。
Ultimately, though, understanding the risk factors for all of these conditions is important, because they allow patients to make informed decisions during or after having a child.
不过，最终了解到所有这些病症的危险因素很重要，因为它们允许患者在生育期间或生育之后做出明智的决定。
Even just acknowledging them is great, because lack of awareness, stigmas, or the belief that having a baby is supposed to be super amazing can all leave parents suffering.
即使只是意识到它们的存在就很重要，因为缺乏意识、羞耻感或认为生孩子应该超级惊奇的信念，都会让父母感到痛苦。
But, hey.
不过，话说回来。
Having a new kid is a whirlwind, and there's no shame if that takes a toll on your mental health.
有个新宝宝会让人手忙脚乱，如果这对你的心理健康造成损害，那也没有什么可感觉羞耻的。
Just learning that these disorders can happen is a good place to start, and the nice thing is, there are plenty of screening methods and treatments available for them.
只要知道可能会患上这些疾病就是一个好的开始，好在有很多筛查和治疗的方法。
So even if scientists are still trying to pin down exactly why they happen, they've at least found ways to help.
因此，即使科学家们仍在试图弄清确切的病因，他们至少已经找到了帮助患者的方法。
Earlier, I mentioned that postpartum depression can present in both parents, not just the one who gave birth.
早些时候，我提到父母双方都可能患上产后抑郁症，而不仅是生育的一方。
If you want to learn more about that, you can check out our episode about it.
如果你想了解更多信息，可以收看有关这方面的视频。
And as always, thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych.
我们一如既往的感谢你们收看本集《心理科学秀》。
