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Whether you love them or hate them, emotions are a big part of our lives.
情绪是我们生活的重要组成部分，无论你爱它们，还是恨它们。
They shape our best days and our worst ones.
它们塑造了我们最美好与最糟糕的日子。
They help us make decisions and they're an important lens through which we see the world.
它们帮助我们做决定，还是我们看世界的重要视角。
There's a reason Disney and Pixar made a whole movie about them.
迪斯尼和皮克斯制作了一部关于情绪的电影《头脑特工队》，是有其原因的。
But your emotions don't work like the characters and inside out.
但你的情绪并不像电影里角色那样，由内及外。
They're a lot more complicated and more interesting which is why we've talked about them a lot here on sci-show psychic.
情绪更复杂、更有趣，这就是我们常在《心理科学秀》节中提到它们的原因。
In fact we've talked about them so much that we were able to make a compilation of our favorite emotion related videos.
事实上，谈论得太多了，我们都能编辑一份与情绪相关的最爱视频选集了。
Of course, before we jump in there is one important question we need to answer.
在我们进入这个话题之前，需要先回答一个重要的问题。
What is an emotion anyway.
什么是情绪。
Here's what researchers have found.
以下是研究人员发现的结果。
Think back to the last time you had a feeling all the feels moment.
回想一下你上一次感受到当下情绪的时刻。
Maybe it was when you finished reading this really great book about I don't know two teenagers with cancer who fall in love and it basically ripped your heart out and what I'm not sobbing you're sobbing.
也许是在你读完一本关于两名罹患癌症的青少年坠入爱河的好书后，那种感情几乎把你的心都撕碎了，让你泣不成声。
Or maybe it was when you got engaged or that day when everything went wrong.
或者是在你订婚的时候，或者是在所有事情都出问题的那天。
Whatever it was it gave you some really strong feelings.
无论是什么，它都给你带来了某些非常强烈的感觉。
But how did you know what you were feeling.
但你怎么知道自己的感受呢？
Feeling is something that is hot or cold or a soft fluffy kitty makes intuitive sense.
感觉是冷的、热的，或是一只柔软的毛绒小猫，都具有直观的意义。
You're touching a physical thing and it's going to feel a particular way.
你在触摸一个实物时，它会有某种特殊的感觉。
But emotions are way less straightforward.
但是情绪就没有那么简单了。
So where do they come from. Let's just say the psychologists have all the fields about that one. Even defining emotion is tricky.
那么情绪来自哪里呢？我们假设心理学家对这个领域进行过全面的研究。但即使定义情绪也很棘手。
Like we all know that cold is a feeling and that it isn't an emotion the way sadness is.
就像我们都知道寒冷是一种感觉，它不是一种情绪，就像悲伤一样。
But it's hard to explain the difference.
但很难解释两者的区别。
So one of the things psychologists have tried to do is identify a few key parts of experiencing emotion.
因此，心理学家试图做的一件事，是确定体验情绪的几个关键部分。
There's obviously the part where you feel, along with a cognitive piece which involves being aware of the feeling.
你能感觉到很明显的一部分，还有一个认知部分，涉及到感知感觉。
There's also something motivational.
以及一些动机。
Like when fear makes you want to run away from a giant hairy spider in your basement as fast as your legs will carry you.
就像恐惧让你想快速逃离有一只巨大的长毛蜘蛛的地下室一样。
Then there's a physiological response like the racing heart and sweaty palms that accompanies said fear and there's a motor response say when you do actually hightail it out of there.
然后，伴随着所说的恐惧会出现一种生理反应，比如心跳加快和手掌出汗，并且还有一种动作反应，比如说当你真的迅速逃跑。
The debate is really about which of these components are part of the emotion itself and which are a cause of it or a consequence of it.
争辩实际上是关于哪些组成部分是情绪本身的一部分，而哪些是它的原因或结果。
It's kind of a chicken and the egg situation.
这是一种鸡和蛋的情况。
What causes what and is there an order in which things happen.
是谁引发了谁，事情的发生是否存在顺序。
Over the years, psychologists have come up with a bunch of different theories about this.
多年来，心理学家就此提出了一系列不同的理论。
The James-Lange theory proposed in the late 19th century says that a physiological response happens when you perceive something and the emotion is your reaction to that response.
19世纪晚期提出的詹姆士·兰格理论认为，当你感知到某种东西时，就会产生生理反应，而情绪就是你对这种反应的回应。
So it's not that you cry because you're sad, you're sad because you cry.
所以，不是因为你伤心而哭泣，而是因为哭泣才悲伤。
This is actually pretty similar to a more recent theory known as the facial feedback theory.
这实际上与最新提出的人脸反馈理论非常相似。
It argues that the way you're holding your facial muscles when you make facial expressions can actually cause you to feel emotions more strongly.
该理论认为，当出现面部表情时，你保持面部肌肉的方式实际上会使你感觉更加强烈。
But there were a lot of criticisms of the James-Lange theory.
但是，对詹姆士·兰格理论遭到很多人的批评。
The biggest problem was that particular physical responses don't always indicate the same emotions.
最大的问题是，特定的身体反应并不总是表示相同的情绪。
You can Trimble from fear sure but also from rage or from cold.
你可以从恐惧中解脱，当然也可以从愤怒或寒冷中解脱。
So how do you tell which emotion is supposed to come from the physical response.
那么，如何判断哪种情绪应该来自于躯体反应呢？
Maybe you're just really super angry at that spider.
也许你真是对那只蜘蛛感到气愤。
The cannon bard theory which was proposed in the 1920s was pretty much a rebuttal to James lang.
20世纪20年代提出的“坎巴二氏论”，在很大程度上对詹姆士·兰格理论进行了驳斥。
It argues that emotional responses are too fast to be the result of a physical reaction that happens first.
该理论认为情绪反应太快，不可能是先出现身体反应的结果。
Instead it suggests that the physical response and subjective experience of emotion happen in parallel at the same time.
相反，它认为情绪的生理反应和主观体验同时发生。
When you first see the spider crawling out from the corner sensory information about the encounter arrives at your thalamus,
当你第一次看到蜘蛛从角落里爬出来时，与相遇有关的感觉信息就会到达丘脑，
a region of the brain involved in coordinating signals then the thalamus sends out a signal to your peripheral nervous system that triggers all the physical stuff and also sends the signal that triggers all the fields.
这是大脑中一个与协调信号有关的区域。丘脑随后会向周围的神经系统发出一个信号，触发所有的身体活动，还会向各部位发送信号。
That would explain why the physical response happens at the same time as you feel the emotion.
这可以解释为什么身体反应会与你感受到的情绪同时发生。
And if there's separate signals it would also explain why trembling when you're cold doesn't necessarily make you afraid.
如果有不同的信号，它也可以解释为什么你冷的时候颤抖，不一定会让你感到害怕。
But neither of those ideas that emotions follow a physical response or that they happen in parallel say anything about how your actual thoughts play into all of this.
但是，那些情绪跟随身体反应出现或同时发生的想法，都不能说明你的实际想法如何影响到这一切的发生。
That's where the two-factor theory of emotion comes in also known as the Schachter-Singer theory after the researchers who first proposed it in the 1960s.
在20世纪60年代，研究者们首次提出情绪双因素理论，也称为斯辛二氏情绪论理论。
The idea is that we use circumstances to attribute our physical reactions to certain emotions.
该理论认为，我们利用环境把身体反应归因于某些情绪。
Those are the two factors your physical response and how you label it.
这是两个因素，即身体的反应和你如何归因。
If your heart's pounding and that spiders ominously crawling towards you, you know to interpret that as fear.
如果蜘蛛向你爬近时，你的心脏加速跳动，你会把它解释为恐惧。
But if your heart's pounding because you've just been to the gym and there's no spider, then you're probably good, no fear necessary.
但是，如果你因为刚去过健身房而心跳加速跳动，却没有蜘蛛时，那么你可能没事，不必感到害怕。
To put their theory to the test the researchers injected people with a journal and then put them in situations that were either supposed to make them laugh or make them feel super frustrated and angry.
为了检验他们的理论，研究人员给被试注射了肾上腺素，然后把他们置于一个可以让他们发笑，或让他们感到极度沮丧和愤怒的环境中。
Subjects who knew that the adrenaline would give them a racing heart and sweaty palms didn't report feeling any emotion, because they blamed their reaction on the drug.
那些知道肾上腺素会让他们心跳加速、手心出汗的受试者没有报告有任何情绪反应，因为他们把身体反应归咎于药物。
But if they didn't know, they attributed feeling all jumpy to the situation they were put in, hilarious or upsetting and reported feeling real emotions associated with those scenarios.
但是，如果他们不知道的话，就会把所有的紧张都归因于所处的让人感到滑稽或不安的环境，报告说感受到了与这些场景相关的真实情绪。
In the decades since Schachter and Singer first proposed their idea researchers have come up with other cognitive theories of emotion too.
自从斯辛二氏情绪论理论提出几十年来，研究人员也提出了其他的情绪认知理论。
Some of them aren't as focused on interpreting a physiological response, instead they argue that your emotions depend on what you think the impact of a situation will be.
有些理论并没有专注于解释生理反应，而是认为情绪取决于你认为的情境所引发的影响。
For example you might get angry when you judge that you've been treated unfairly.
例如，当你判断自己受到不公平的对待时，就可能会生气。
So there are lots of different theories for how our emotions work, but it's hard to know whether any of them can fully explain how and why we feel the things we do.
关于情绪的运作方式，有很多不同的理论。但是，很难知道其中是否有某种理论能够完全解释清楚我们对所做事情的感受，及其原因。
Emotions are just messy and whatever objective measures of emotion you might want to use in experiments like heart rate, don't always line up with what someone's actually feeling.
情绪是混乱的，不管你想在心率等实验中使用什么客观的情绪测量方法，都不总是符合某人的实际感受。
But the next time you run into that spider in your basement, at least you'll have some idea of how your feelings might be connected to your physical response and cognition.
但是，下次你在地下室碰到那只蜘蛛时，至少你知道自己的感觉是如何与身体反应和认知联系在一起的。
Something to think about while you're running back up the stairs.
当你跑上楼梯时，可以想一想。
Oh humans we're so messy and complicated and fascinating.
我们人类是如此的难以应对、复杂又迷人。
No matter how you label our emotions, one thing's for sure.
不管你如何归因我们的情绪，有一件事是肯定的。
They can be weird.
它们可能很奇怪。
Like you know how a lot of people see something really cute and then want to squeeze the living daylights out of it like cute baby cheeks or stuffed animals.
就像你知道很多人看到超可爱的东西，比如婴儿脸颊或毛绒动物时，就想去使劲捏一捏。
Yeah, at first glance that makes absolutely no sense, but it's actually something psychologists have studied and they think they know what's going on
乍一看这完全没有意义，但事实上心理学家对此进行过研究，他们认为知道这是怎么回事了。
Here's Hank with more.
接下来由汉克为大家详细解释。
