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Hey, Stefan. What's up?
嗨，斯蒂芬。怎么了？
Hey! Just making sure I'm ready for the shoot.
嗨！只是确保我准备好拍摄了。
Oh, that's actually a good idea! Let me...
哦，这真是个好主意！让我用下。
Did you ... did you put a sticker on my head? No. Well, yes, I did.
你在我头上贴了贴纸吗？没有，是的，是我贴的。
I was reading about this fish that passed a mirror test recently, and I wanted to kinda see that in action.
我最近在读一篇一条鱼通过镜子测试的文章，我想看看是怎么操作的。
Okay, well, of course I passed it!
好吧，我当然通过了这项测试！
But have you seen those videos of puppies that are playing with their reflections like it's another dog?
但是你有没有看过那些小狗的视频，它们就像和另一只狗一样玩弄自己的倒影？
I love those videos.
我喜欢那些视频。
Well, that's what it looks like when you don't pass the mirror test. Basically, the mirror test is all about whether or not you recognize yourself in the mirror.
嗯，通不过镜子测试的时候，就是这个样子。基本上，镜子测试就是看你能否在镜子中认出自己。
It's a tool psychologists have used since the 1970s to study whether or not animals are self-aware… and for a long time, they thought that self-awareness said something bigger about an animal's' intelligence.
这是心理学家自20世纪70年代以来，研究动物是否具有自我意识的一种工具，很长一段时间以来，他们认为自我意识更能说明动物的智力。
So humans and apes? Smart!
那么人类和猿类呢？都很聪明！
That puppy barking at a reflection? Not so much.
那只小狗对着镜子里的影子狂吠呢？不是很聪明。
But as more and more animals pass the test, there are also more questions about whether or not the test ever really mattered in the first place.
但是随着越来越多的动物通过了测试，关于这种测试是否真重要的问题也越来越多。
There's a lot to talk about here, so I was thinking that since we borrowed you from the main SciShow channel today, you could help me explain what the test is all about.
有很多可谈的，我在想既然今天把你从科学秀频道借过来，你可以帮我解释一下测试的内容。
Yeah! Let's do it!
好的！那我们开始吧！
So here's how the mirror test works.
下面是镜像测试的工作原理。
Once an animal has had some time to get used to having a mirror around, a researcher sneakily paints a colored dot somewhere that the animal can only see with the help of the mirror.
一只动物习惯了周围有面镜子，研究人员就会偷偷地在它身上某个地方画个彩色的点，只有借助镜子，动物才能看到这个点。
The moment of truth comes when the animal looks back in the mirror.
当动物回头看镜子的时候，真相揭晓了。
Do they notice the dot and then touch or try to remove the corresponding spot on their own body?
他们是否注意到这个点，然后触摸它或试图擦掉自己身体上相应的那个点？
If so, it suggests that they realize the animal in the mirror is a reflection of themselves.
如果它们这样做，就意味着他们意识到镜子里的动物是投射的影子。
The test was first proposed by a researcher in 1970, and he used it to study chimps.
这项测试是1970年由一名研究人员首次提出的，他用它来研究黑猩猩。
At first, his subjects reacted as if the chimp in the mirror was somebody else but with time they got the hang of it.
起初，他的实验对象的反应就像镜子里的黑猩猩是另一个动物，但随着时间的推移，它们抓到了窍门。
They started grooming places they wouldn't be able to see without the mirror and picking food out of their teeth.
他们开始清理那些没有镜子就看不见的地方，还从牙齿里剔食物。
The researcher added the test with the colored dot mostly just to confirm experimentally that the chimps did recognize themselves—and they did!
研究人员使用了彩色点，主要是为了实验证实黑猩猩确实能认出自己，它们做到了！
And over the next decade, researchers found that orangutans and chimps consistently passed the mirror test, but monkeys did not.
在接下来的十年里，研究人员发现红毛猩猩和黑猩猩一直都能通过镜子测试，但猴子却不行。
This led them to argue that the mirror test indicated an intellectual distinction separating humans and the great apes, which are our closest relatives, from the rest of the primates... and presumably the rest of the animal kingdom.
这使他们争论到，镜像测试表明人类和类人猿与其他灵长类动物，或许还有动物王国里的其他动物之间存在着智力上的区别。类人猿是人类的近亲。
Yup! Psychologists believed that the animals that passed the test had a sense of self.
是的！心理学家认为，通过测试的动物具有自我意识。
Basically, they knew that they existed—which isn't totally off base, if you look at humans.
基本上，它们知道自我意的存在，如果你看看人类，就不觉得太离谱。
Human babies only start to pass the mirror test around 18 months of age.
人类婴儿只有在18个月大的时候才开始通过镜像测试。
And shortly after they do, they start to be able to do all sorts of other sense-of-self-type things.
他们这样做后不久，就开始能够做各种有关自我的其他事情。
They understand that other people have their own thoughts and feelings.
他们知道别人有自己的想法和感受。
They experience so-called secondary emotions, like embarrassment, pride, and guilt, which require knowing you did something right or wrong.
他们经历所谓的第二情感，比如尴尬、骄傲和内疚，这需要知道你把事情做对了或是做错了。
Psychologists theorize that the sense of self is really important for both understanding the concept of other people having selves and for imagining yourself in other scenarios—past, future, and hypothetical.
心理学家理论上认为，自我意识对于理解他人拥有自我的概念，和在过去、未来，以及假想的其他情境中想象自己都是非常重要的。
That allows us to plan and remember, which supposedly makes us pretty unique.
这让我们能够计划和记住，这使我们变得非常独特。
But then...other species started to pass the test.
但后来，其他物种开始通过测试。
In 1998, bottlenose dolphins became the first non-primates to pass the mirror test.
1998年，宽吻海豚成为第一个通过镜子测试的非灵长类动物。
While they obviously don't have hands to try to wipe the mark off with, they did twist and turn to try to see it.
虽然它们没有手可以来擦去镜子上的痕迹，但它们还是扭转身子试着去看。
Then orcas passed, too, and in 2006, an Asian elephant named Happy passed the test, although her companions Maxine and Patty failed.
后来虎鲸也通过了测试。2006年，一头名叫“快乐”的亚洲象通过测试，尽管她的同伴马克辛和帕蒂失败了。
Still, you might say elephants and dolphins are animals we all kind of expect to be pretty smart, so those results aren't necessarily surprising.
不过，你可能会说大象和海豚是我们都认为非常聪明的动物，所以这些结果并不一定令人感到惊讶。
But then magpies became the first birds to pass the test in 2008.
但随后，喜鹊成为2008年第一种通过测试的鸟类。
These birds do belong to the corvid family, and corvids are clever birds, but it still surprised many researchers.
这些鸟确实属于鸦科鸟类，鸦科鸟类很聪明，但这个结果还是让许多研究人员感到惊讶。
And more surprises followed—like ants.
更多的惊奇事件接踵而至，比如蚂蚁。
You probably don't often think of those picnic-invading, hive-minded insects as individuals with a sense of self, but they were curious about their reflections and tried to rub off a blue dot when they saw it in the mirror.
你可能不会经常把那些在野炊时侵入、有蜂巢意识的昆虫看作是有自我意识的个体，但它们对自己的投影很好奇，当它们在镜子里看到蓝点时，它们试着去擦掉它。
And then, most recently, researchers found that a kind of fish called a cleaner wrasse will swim upside down and in funny positions in front of a mirror to try to see a dot on itself when it's marked, making it the first fish to formally pass the test.
最近，研究人员发现一种名为清道夫的鱼，当它身上被画了彩点后，它会在镜子前倒立，并在有趣的位置游泳，以便试着看自己身上的那个点。这使得它成为正式通过测试的第一种鱼。
We have a whole episode about fish intelligence over on the main SciShow channel, and they're pretty smart!
科学秀频道有一集关于鱼类智商的视频，它们非常聪明！
But even the researcher who wrote the 2018 study about the cleaner wrasse was quick to point out that this doesn't mean they have the same level or type of intelligence as humans.
但即使是撰写2018年清道夫研究报告的研究人员也很快指出，这并不意味着它们的智力水平或类型与人类相同。
>>Brit: With every non-human animal that passes the test, the story around it gets...messier.
每一个通过测试的非人类动物的故事，都让整件事变得更混乱。
Some researchers, including the guy who came up with the test, continue to argue that these non-human animals aren't actually passing it.
一些研究人员，包括撰写测试的人，继续争辩说这些非人类动物并没有真正通过测试。
Only one in three elephants passed, after all, and does the cleaner wrasse swimming upside down actually mean anything?
毕竟，只有三分之一的大象经过了测试，而清道夫在镜子前倒立真有什么意义吗？
But the arguments against the test are also building.
但反对这项测试的论据也在形成。
There are methodological differences in how these studies were conducted, and many of them tested just a few individuals.
在进行这些研究的方式上存在着方法的差异，其中很多只对少数个体进行了测试。
It also might be kind of silly to use a sight-dependent test on species that are known to rely on other senses—the way that elephants and, yes, adorable puppies rely on smell.
对依赖其他感官的物种进行视觉依赖性测试，就像大象和可爱的小狗依赖嗅觉那样，可能有点愚蠢。
Elephants also groom themselves by chucking dirt on themselves, so expecting them to remove a colorful speck of researcher-applied dirt might be unreasonable.
大象也会通过往自己身上扔土来给自己梳毛，因此期望它们擦去研究人员涂抹的一块彩色斑点可能不太合理。
The test is also just weirdly unreliable.
测试也出奇的不靠谱。
Gorillas, despite being great apes, don't pass it, but eye contact is extremely aggressive for them, and studies have shown that they're easily embarrassed.
大猩猩，尽管是类人猿，都没有通过，但是眼神交流对它们来非常具有侵略性，研究表明它们很容易感到尴尬。
So they might literally be so self-conscious that they fail our test of self-consciousness.
所以他们可能是太自知了，结果没能通过我们的自我意识测试。
Also...humans don't always pass it.
还有啊，人类也并不总能通过这个测试。
Kids as old as six from non-Western cultures sometimes don't, despite the fact that there are usually mirrors where they're from and they obviously have a sense of self.
来自非西方文化的六岁的孩子有时通过不了这个测试，尽管他们所在的环境中有镜子，而且他们显然也有自我意识。
And although monkeys have traditionally failed, one researcher found that after being around mirrors for a lot of their lives, the monkeys she studied did start to use them to groom places they couldn't see.
尽管过去猴子都失败了，但一位研究人员发现，经常接触镜子后，她研究的猴子确实开始利用镜子梳理它们看不见的地方。
They just needed more time to learn how to use them.
他们只是需要更多的时间来学习如何使用镜子。
All of these inconsistencies are leading researchers to consider a different explanation:
所有这些不一致都使研究人员考虑到另一种解释：
Maybe there just... isn't some weird hierarchy of brilliance.
也许没有什么奇怪的才智层次。
The irony of the mirror test is that our obsession with it might say more about the limits of our own cognition than it does about any other species.
具有讽刺意味的是，我们对镜子测试的痴迷可能说明，与其他任何物种相比，我们对自身的认知存在局限性。
Because we designed a test that we—as a visually-oriented, social species obsessed with grooming—would pass ... and then we used to it judge everybody else.
因为人类作为一种视觉导向，沉迷于修饰的社会性物种，我们设计了一种测试，然后用它来评判其他动物。
And, you know, is there anything more human than that?
你知道，还有什么比这更人性化的吗？
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych! And thanks to Stefan, for helping me break down the mirror test.
谢谢收看本集《心理科学秀》！感谢斯蒂芬，帮我解释了镜子测试。
If you want to learn more about fish brains and all the other smart things they can do, you can check out an episode that we did on the main SciShow channel about fish intelligence.
如果你想了解更多关于鱼脑的知识，以及它们能做的其他聪明事，你可以看看我们在科学秀频道上有关鱼的智力这期节目。
And you can see more of Stefan and learn about all kinds of science by subscribing to the channel while you're over there!
订阅该频道可以看到更多斯蒂芬主持的节目，并了解各种科学知识！
