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You know how when you build something yourself—like a table from IKEA—you're really proud of it?
自己做一些东西，就像组装宜家的桌子时，你真的会为此感到自豪，对吗？
It doesn't matter that it's a bit wonky and you have some left-over screws that were maybe, definitely, supposed to go somewhere...
有点不稳，没关系，还会剩一些应该按在某些地方的螺丝......
It's still b-e-a-utiful.
但桌子还是很好看。
It's easily as nice as anything you could have bought at that fancy furniture store in town.
它可以像你在镇上的高档家具店购买的家具一样漂亮。
You might even think it's a little bit better than those other tables.
你甚至可能认为它比其他桌子更好一点。
Well...
嗯...
I hate to break it to you, but it probably isn't all that special.
我不想让你伤心啊，但它可能没那么特别。
You're likely experiencing a phenomenon known as the IKEA effect: a cognitive bias where people misguidedly put a higher value on something just because they made it themselves.
你可能正在经历一种名为宜家效应的现象：这是一种认知偏见，人们错误地认为自己造的东西具有更高的价值。
And understanding why you love that wonky table so much could help you live your best life.
搞明白你为什么如此喜欢那张摇摇晃晃的桌子，可以帮助你过上最好的生活。
Harvard researchers first wrote about the IKEA effect in a study where they had people make IKEA furniture, fold origami, and build sets of LEGO blocks.
哈佛大学的研究人员在一项研究中首次提到宜家效应，他们在研究中让人们制作宜家家具、折纸，以及拼装一套乐高积木。
The participants felt that their amateur creations were as good as expert versions.
参加者觉得他们的业余创作品和专业版本一样好。
Not only that, they priced their handiwork way higher than other people did, and thought everyone would appreciate their creations as much as they did.
不仅如此，他们还将手工作品的价格定得比别人高，而且认为大家都会像他们一样欣赏自己的创作。
Now, multiple studies have shown this effect.
现在，多项研究已经证明了这种效果。
Labor does kind of lead to love, and it's not just with flat-pack furniture.
劳动确实会带来喜爱，不仅仅是对自己拼装的家具。
It applies to pretty much anything you can customize.
这适用于可以定制的几乎所有物品。
Experts suggest that the IKEA effect could also apply to things like home renovations if you take a do it yourself, or DIY, approach.
专家建议，宜家效应也适用于自己动手装修等需要DIY的事情。
And even something as small as picking the color of an item can make you see it as more valuable.
即使像挑选物品颜色这样的小事也能让你觉得它更有价值。
But there's nothing inherently better about things you screw together or paint—they're not made from higher quality materials, or something like that.
但是，自己把东西拼接在一起或上漆，并不代表能让物品变得更好，它们并不是由更高质量的材料制成的。
You just think your "self-made" stuff is better than the off-the-shelf version.
你只是觉得自己做的东西要比现成的好。
That's the IKEA effect.
这就是宜家效应。
And psychologists have a few theories as to why it occurs.
心理学家对于这种效应发生的原因给出了一些理论做解释。
One is that making something, even if you only put one screw in, makes you feel accomplished and competent.
一个理论是说，制作某种东西，即使你只拧一个螺丝，也会觉得很有成就感，感觉自己很能干。
That's because the shelf or whatever acts as physical proof that you successfully did a thing—a kind of trophy if you will—which you can show off.
那是因为架子或其他物品可以作为你成功完成一件事的实证，是可以用来炫耀的奖杯。
And those bragging rights give you an emotional boost.
那些吹牛的资本会让你情绪激动。
Another reason you might be extra proud of your DIY is because you believe it saved you money.
你可能为自己的DIY感到特别自豪的另一个原因，是因为你相信它能为你省钱。
Research has shown that if you feel like you're a "smart-shopper"—basically, that you're somehow responsible for getting a discount or saving money on something—then you feel happier and better about that product.
研究表明，如果你觉得自己是一个聪明的购物者，基本上就是你能搞到折扣或者省钱购物，就会对物品感到更满意，也会觉得它更好。
And it may be that building your own stuff enhances something called the endowment effect: the fact that simply owning a thing can make you overvalue it.
自己动手做东西可能会增强一种称为禀赋效应的东西：仅仅是拥有一件物品就能让你高估它的价值。
In studies, people consistently say they'll pay more for stuff they own, even if it's the exact same as the other stuff being offered, and even if they just came to own the stuff like 30 seconds ago.
在研究中，人们一直说他们会为自己拥有的东西支付更多的费用，即使它与提供的其他东西完全相同，即使他们30秒前才拥有这件物品。
And researchers in 2016 found that building something leads to what they called psychological ownership—basically, the feeling that you own it even if you technically don't.
研究人员在2016年发现，制作某种东西能够产生“心理归属感”，即一种你拥有它的感觉，尽管严格来说你并不拥有它。
But when it comes to the IKEA effect, many psychologists think it's mostly the result of effort justification.
但是说到宜家效应，许多心理学家认为这主要是努力证明的结果。
That's the idea that the more work you put into something, the more you like it because you have to convince yourself it was worth all the trouble.
这就是为什么你对一件事情投入得越多，就越喜欢它，因为你必须说服自己，所有的一切都是值得的
If you didn't, then you'd end up feeling cognitive dissonance—the mental anguish that arises from contradicting ideas in your head.
如果你不这样做，最终会感觉到认知失调，这是由于头脑中的想法相互矛盾而引起的精神痛苦。
Essentially, it would just be wrong for you to have worked hard to make something that isn't valuable.
从本质上说，你努力做一些没有价值的事是错误的。
And since you can't go back in time and not put the effort in, the easiest way for your brain to fix this discrepancy is to jack up the perceived value.
既然你不能回到过去，也不能投入精力，大脑修复这种矛盾最简单的方法就是提升感知价值。
The idea that the IKEA effect can be explained by effort justification does make a lot of sense.
宜家效应可以用通过努力证明来解释的想法确实很有意义。
But more recently, research has suggested something else might be happening.
但最近，研究表明可能还会发生其他情况。
In short, you might like your own creations because you believe they're an extension of your identity.
简而言之，你可能喜欢自己的创作，因为你认为它们是自己身份的延伸。
That table is a part of you.
那张桌子是你的一部分。
That's the conclusion of a 2018 study in the journal Cognition, anyway.
这是《认知》期刊2018年发表的一项研究的结论。
The researchers looked at the IKEA effect in children by having them build monster toys, and found that it basically doesn't show up until around age 5.
研究人员通过让孩子们制作怪物玩具来观察宜家效应，他们发现宜家效应基本上要到5岁左右才开始显现。
That's right when kids really start to have a good idea of who they are—what psychologists call a self-concept.
此时正是孩子们真正开始了解他们是谁的时候，这就是心理学家所说的自我概念。
Intriguingly, the amount of effort the kids put into their creations didn't affect how highly they valued them.
有趣的是，孩子们投入到创作中的努力并没有影响他们对物品的重视程度。
And they still thought their own monsters were better, even when they knew from the start that they wouldn't get to keep them, suggesting ownership or the trophy effect weren't really in play.
他们仍然认为自己的怪物更好，即使他们从一开始就知道不能拥有它，这意味着所有权或奖杯效应并没有真正发挥作用。
So the researchers concluded the IKEA effect most likely comes from people viewing the things they make as extensions of themselves.
因此，研究人员得出的结论是，宜家效应最有可能来自于人们把自己制作的东西视为自身的延伸。
And that's not as weird as it might sound.
这并不像听起来那么奇怪。
People often use their possessions as an expression of who they are; just think about the car you drive, or the clothes you wear.
人们经常用自己的财产来表达他们是谁；想想你开的车，或是你穿的衣服。
So, when you personalize something, or have a hand in making it, you may see it as more representative of who you are.
所以，当你对某件事进行个性化处理，或者参与制作时，你可能会认为它更能代表你是谁。
In the end, psychologists haven't pinpointed exactly what causes the IKEA effect, and it may be that some combination of these ideas is what makes you so enamored with that table, no matter how crooked it is.
心理学家最终并未确切地指出宜家效应产生的原因，也许是这些想法的某种结合使你如此迷恋那张桌子，不管它看起来多么的不平整。
If all this has you feeling a little manipulated by your favorite furniture company, it's good to keep in mind you can use the IKEA effect to your advantage, too.
如果所有这些都让你觉得自己受到了你最喜欢的家具公司的操控，那么请记住，你也可以利用宜家效应为自己带来好处。
Like, it could help you get your family to eat healthier meals.
比如，它可以帮助你让家人吃更健康的食物。
A study published in 2018 looked at the eating behavior of children between the ages of five and seven, and found that kids who were involved in preparing food ate more of it—even if it was a salad.
2018年发表的一项研究调查了5至7岁儿童的饮食行为，结果发现参与准备食物的儿童连沙拉都会吃得更多。
They also ate more dessert, too, if they helped make it, but who can blame them?
如果他们帮忙制作的话，也会吃更多的甜点，但谁又能责怪他们呢？
And there's nothing to say that loving your cheap, self-assembled furniture is a bad thing.
喜欢自己拼装的廉价家具不是件坏事。
At the end of the day, if you think your creation is beautiful and it "sparks joy", as Marie Kondo would say, that's all that really matters.
最终，如果你认为自己的创作很漂亮，它就会“引发快乐感”，正如近藤麻理惠所说的那样，这才是最重要的。
So go on, love that wonky table!
所以，继续喜欢那张摇摇晃晃的桌子吧！
It's crooked and beautiful.
它不平整，但却很漂亮。
If you're watching SciShow Psych, you probably enjoy educational programming that gives you a deeper understanding or a new perspective on things.
如果你观看科学心理秀，你可能会喜欢收看让你对事物有更深理解或能拥有全新视角的教育类节目。
So we think you might enjoy the videos over at CuriosityStream, too.
所以，我们认为你也会喜欢CuriosityStream上的视频。
CuriosityStream is a subscription streaming service that offers over 2000 documentaries and non-fiction titles from some of the world's best filmmakers, including exclusive originals.
CuriosityStream是一个订阅流媒体服务，它提供来自全球最佳电影制作人创作的2000多部纪录片，包括一些独家原创作品。
They have videos on nature, history, technology — even society and lifestyles — which is one of the reasons we like them so much.
视频的内容包括自然、历史、技术，甚至社会和生活方式，这也是我们喜欢他们的原因。
Like, if you liked this episode, you might enjoy their Curious Minds: Psychology series.
比如，如果你喜欢本集视频，你可能也会喜欢他们的好奇心理：心理学系列节目。
It includes several videos where experts examine psychological questions like why we have friends or whether we can predict who will become a dictator.
这个节目包括几个视频，专家在其中研究各种心理问题，比如为什么我们有朋友，或者我们能否预测谁会成为独裁者。
You can get unlimited access to content like this starting at $2.99 a month.
每月支付2.99美元的价格，就能无限制地观看此类节目。
And as a special thanks to our SciShow audience, you can get the first 30 days for free!
为了特别感谢科学心理秀的观众，你们可以免费收看30天！
You just have to sign up at curiositystream.com/psych and use the promo code "psych" during the sign-up process.
只需在curiositystream.com/psych注册，并在注册过程中使用促销代码“psych”。
