评论
打印
The more locations you add, the smaller the number of people who could match.
加入比对的位置越多，匹配的人数就会越少。
That's what makes DNA so powerful: our samples are unique, they distinguish us from each other.
这就是DNA无比强大的原因：我们的样本是独一无二的，DNA能因此将我们彼此区别开来。
But it's also quantifiable, so we can calculate how much it distinguishes us.
同时，这种区分还可以量化，这样我们就可以计算出DNA能多大程度上将我们区分开来。
It comes with statistics.
这一技术伴随着数据统计。
Compare that to fingerprints.
我们不妨拿DNA和指纹比较一下。
We suspect they're quite unique,
我们怀疑指纹也很独特，
but we can't calculate how unique because fingerprints lack the kind of universal structure that the DNA molecule has.
但我们无法计算指纹到底有多独特，因为指纹缺乏DNA分子所具有的那种普遍结构。
Instead of looking at a predetermined location and counting up repeats,
相比研究一个预先确定的位置，然后计数重复次数，
fingerprint examiners have to decide what's notable about each print.
指纹鉴定员还要决定每幅指纹什么地方值得注意。
"And there are so many different permutations,
“而且指纹的排列方式有无数种，
so that makes it very difficult to say well this particular configuration is, you know, one in a million or one in a quadrillion
所以，很难说这个特定的结构是百万分之一，千万亿分之一，
or whatever the way you could do with DNA."
甚至可以说对DNA能做的任何事情换作指纹就都做不了。”
Researchers have started figuring out what to measure in a fingerprint to get useful statistics.
研究人员已经开始研究如何测量指纹来获取有用的数据了。
But the other pattern-matching disciplines are further behind.
但除了指纹，其他模式匹配学科还要落后得多。
And with bite marks, it might not even be worth trying.
而且，咬痕匹配学科根本连试都不值得一试。
In 2010 the federal government gave L. T. Johnson a $700,000 research grant to make bite-mark analysis more scientific, using statistics.
2010年，联邦政府为约翰逊提供了70万美元的研究经费，试图让咬痕分析通过统计数据变得更加科学。
His team borrowed live pigs and made bite marks in their skin with dental models.
他的团队借了一群活猪，然后用牙齿模型在它们的皮肤上进行了咬痕试验。
They used software to measure the bite marks for tooth width, angle, and spacing.
他们用软件测量了咬痕的牙齿宽度、角度和间距等数据。
And when those measurements were used to guess the source teeth, they identified the correct dental model only 2% of the time.
当这些测量值被用来猜测牙齿的来源时，识别出正确的牙齿模型的几率仅为2%。
Even in these controlled conditions, skin did not reliably record the dimensions of teeth.
可见，即便是在这些严格控制的条件下，皮肤也没有可靠地记录下牙齿的尺寸。
But that was already becoming painfully clear.
但这一缺陷已经变得非常清楚了。
"Wrongly convicted." "Wrongfully convicted." "Wrongfully convicted of rape."
“蒙冤。”“蒙冤”。“蒙上了强奸罪的冤屈。”
"He spent more than 10 years in prison before..."...DNA evidence identified the real killer."
“在DNA证据确认出真正的凶手之前，”“他已经坐了10多年的牢了。”
"The science in this case was just plain wrong."
“这一案件依赖的科学原理原来大错特错了。”
"Bite mark analysis is now being questioned nationwide."
“咬痕分析现在正受到了全国人民的质疑。”
As DNA testing began overturning bite mark convictions around the country,
随着DNA检测开始推翻全国各地以咬痕为依据做出的判决，
the Wisconsin Crime Lab was analyzing the bra and shirt that the victim in Stinson's case was wearing when she was killed.
威斯康辛犯罪实验室开始分析斯廷森案件中受害者被杀时所穿的胸罩和衬衫。
The male DNA they found on several areas on her clothing didn't match Stinson's DNA.
他们在她衣服上好几个地方发现的男性DNA与斯廷森的DNA并不匹配。
He was excluded as the source again, and again, and again.
斯廷森被一次又一次地排除在嫌疑DNA来源之外。
By 2008, a full DNA profile was developed from the blue v-neck pullover and entered into a DNA databank.
到了2008年，他们从受害者的蓝色v领套衫上提取出了一个完整的DNA图谱，并将其输入到了DNA数据库里。
Two more years would pass before it yielded a match.
又过了两年，比对成功的情况才发生。
But in the meantime, the District Attorney's office finally agreed that Stinson's conviction should be vacated.
然而，就在此时，地方检察官办公室也终于同意撤销对斯廷森的定罪了。
And he was released from prison on January 30, 2009.
2009年1月30日，他被释放出狱。
"I remember the scene of when we walked him out. There was media there."
“我还记得我们送他出去的情景。当时媒体已经在外面等着了。”
"It was an emotional day for Robert Stinson and his entire family."
“对于罗伯特·斯廷森和他的整个家庭来说，这是激动人心的一天。”
"Well it was very powerful when we saw Robert Lee Stinson walk out of this prison this morning."
“今天早上我们看到罗伯特·李·斯廷森从监狱里走出来的时候，这种感觉非常强烈。”
"And we stood outside the prison gates and they opened up a sliding chain link gate and
“我们站在监狱门外，他们打开了一扇滑动的铁链门，
it was actually a rather subdued, almost melancholy moment where his sister greeted him with a deep hug.
那时一个非常压抑，甚至可以说是非常悲伤的时刻，他的妹妹紧紧拥抱着他的时候。”
"Finally justice is done. But at what cost?"
正义终于得到了伸张。但代价几何？”
"I can't explain it. I can't explain this."
“我说不上来，说不上来。”
"You know, It's been a long ride for me. You know. And I'm finally out and I'm going to enjoy my life now. "
“对我来说这是一段很长的旅程。我终于出来了，我要好好享受现在的生活。”
