评论
打印
Most conversations online about ideology seem to be like a lame snowball fight,
网上关于意识形态的对话大多都像是一场蹩脚的雪球大战，
with people lobbing tweets, insults, and MS Paint memes at each other.
大家无非是用推文，脏话和微软画图软件制作的表情包互相厮杀。
And you're probably wondering "there has to be a better way!"
你可能会想“能不能有点儿B格！”
And neuroscience says, there just might be.
神经科学说，可能还真有。
Theme song time! He says no theme song.
进主题曲！他说不进。
We're just going to do this next paragraph then. Alright, let's do it.
那我们接着说下面的内容？嗯，说就是了。
Let's use the 1996 original motion picture, Space Jam as an example.
就拿1996年的电影《空中大灌篮》来说。
Now, if you don't like Space Jam,
听好了，如果你不喜欢这部电影，
well, yeah, of course I'm gonna give you the hands, because that movie's fire, and you suck for not believing what I believe.
那我就得好好说说你了，那个电影超好看，你不赞成我的观点，那你就是个垃圾。
If I want you to believe what I believe, I have to find a better way than that to influence you
要让你赞成我的观点，与其说出上面那样的话，我得想个更好的办法来同化你，
And there have been studies done to find the most effective way to persuade people.
有人做了一些关于怎样说服他人最有效的研究。
Have you gotten into a fight on Facebook, brought up a source, and someone STILL refused to change their mind?
你是否也有过在Facebook上面跟人发生了争论，然后你摆出了自己的依据，别人还是不愿意改变主意的经历？
Well, a 1979 study had participants with strong opinions on the death penalty, both for and against, look at two articles;
其实啊，1979年的一项研究让两组强烈支持死刑与强烈反对死刑的人看了两篇文章：
one backing up their point of view, the other contradicting it.
一篇的观点与他们自己的观点一致，另一篇则与他们自己的观点相矛盾。
And the study found that participants only agreed with the study that supported their stance, further polarizing the groups.
研究发现，参与者只同意支持他们自己的立场的研究，最后，两组之间的分化变得更加严重了。
We call this a confirmation bias.
这一现象我们称之为“证实性偏见”。
Basically, we only want to believe facts that help prove that we're right.
大致就是说，我们只愿相信有助于证明我们是对的的事实。
So, if you think Space Jam is trash, which you absolutely shouldn't,
所以，如果你认为《空中大灌篮》是个烂片，事实上你这么想是大错特错了，
and I just throw articles about the cultural impact, the amazing soundtrack,
我甩给你几篇文章，讲关于这部电影给文化造成了多么深远的影响，电影的配乐多么牛逼，
and how hard it is to act on green screen with people who aren't Bugs Bunny,
以及和本来不是兔八哥的人在绿色背景前演戏是多么困难，
then I probably won't change your mind.
尽管如此，我可能还是无法改变你的看法。
But why are we like this?
那为什么会这样呢？
Well, some researchers think it's because humans have developed a reasoning mechanism, not to get to the truth,
一些研究人员认为这是因为人类已经形成了一种不为了解真相，
but just to convince people that we're right, because being wrong feels like a failure and everyone prefers that victory of being right.
只为让别人相信我们是对的的推理机制，因为错了的感觉就如同失败一样，而每个人都更喜欢自己是对的的那种胜利感。
But there might be a way to combat this.
然而，或许还真有能打破这一魔咒的办法。
Mad people get emotionally invested in fights on the internet, at Thanksgiving,
感恩节的时候，在网上打口水战时疯子们会带入自己的情绪，
on the internet at Thanksgiving, and sometimes (most times) it doesn't work out.
感恩节在网上打口水战，而有时（其实是大多数时候）他们并不会得偿所愿。
Emotion is a powerful tool to change another person's mind, but how?
情绪的确是改变另一个人的想法的有力工具，但如何改变呢？
A Princeton MRI study found that when a group of people listen to a powerful political speech,
普林斯顿大学的MRI研究发现，当一群人听到有力的政治演讲时，
their brains ticked together; there was a synchronization effect.
他们的大脑就会被激活，产生同步的效果。
Which makes sense, everyone's attention was on it.
这也无可厚非，因为大家都听得很投入。
But what was synchronizing? Their emotions.
但同步的是什么？是他们的情绪。
A 2004 study found further evidence when they had subjects watch 30 minutes of a movie
2004年的一项研究发现了进一步的证据：当受试者观看30分钟的电影后，
and their brains synced up at most emotional beats in the movie.
他们的大脑会在电影情绪最强烈的时候同步。
Humans respond to emotional stimuli,
人类会对情绪刺激做出反应，
so using emotions to drive a point home is important; our brain's structure, functions, and expression are similar,
因此，利用情绪来论证论点是很重要的；因为我们大脑的结构，功能和表达都是相似的，
so responsibly sharing my feelings on Space Jam while Evanescence's "My Immortal & (a banger) plays in the background, might work.
所以，和大家负责任地分享我对《空中大灌篮》的感受的时候，在背景里播放Evanescence乐队的My Immortal（同时配上一杯香槟）或许能帮我说服大家认同我的观点。
Positive and constructive ways to persuade people to your point of view are much easier, especially when you try to find common ground.
说服大家赞成你的观点时，采用积极和建设性的方法要容易得多，尤其是当你从你和他们的共识上下手的时候。
All right, so if common ground and emotional appeal aren't working, give up, right? I would.
好吧，如果共识和情感诉求都不起作用，那就放弃，对吗？反正我会。
Not exactly.
也不全对。
Say you really care about an issue, particularly one with social relevance.
假设你真的非常在意某个问题，特别是具有社会相关性的问题。
Human instinct is to take to the streets and hope people really care about your issue,
人类的本能是走上街头，希望人们能真的关心你的问题，
and it's frustrating when they don't, right?
得不到大家的关心就会令人很沮丧，对吗？
Well, it's all about framing.
原来，关窍就在信息的架构里。
In Tali Sharot's book, The Influential Mind, she uses the example of airline safety videos.
Tali Sharot在她的书《善于影响他人的头脑》中举了一个飞机安全视频的例子。
If the video says, "y'all better chill before this plane crashes!"
如果视频说，“飞机坠毁之前，大家最好保持冷静！”
Well, that's dark and bleak and people wouldn't respond well to that;
就会让人觉得很黑暗很凄凉，视频也不会收到很好的宣传效果;
that's why preflight safety videos are much more lit now, ,
这就是为什么现在的预检安全视频都变得更加轻松——
with breakdancers, rappers and whatever else will elicit a more positive feeling while delivering the same message.
引入了霹雳舞，说唱或其他任何能够在传递相同信息的同时给人们带来更加积极的感受的形式——了的原因。
In a politically polarized time, it's easy to sit back on what we believe and not engage with other points of view,
在一个政治两极分化的时代，我们很容易依赖我们所相信的东西而不接触其他观点，
but I just want people to remember that our brains are very similar to each others,
但我只想让大家记住，我们的大脑其实是非常相似的，
and we all respond to how information is packaged.
我们都会对信息呈现的方式作出反应。
Now, I'm not saying, engage with racists, sexists, homophobes, Nickelback apologists on the internet
我并不是说大家在网上要和种族主义者，性别歧视者，恐同人士，《五分钱乐队》的卫道士论个短长，
and don't engage with people who make you feel like you're arguing for your right to exist and your humanity.
而不与那些让你觉得你是在为自己的生存权利和人性辩护的人论短长。
I'm just saying that while we're hoping for progress, we should think about how we frame information.
我只是想说，我们希望取得进步，但我们也应该考虑我们是如何构建信息的。
We have a degree of mental elasticity and the brain has space for change if we allow it to.
我们的看法是有一定弹性的，我们的大脑也是有一定变化空间的，只要我们允许它变化。
Remember, we're not going to win every argument;
记住，我们不会每次争论都能争赢;
sometimes rhyme and reason doesn't sway someone,
有时理智一点你也不会怎么样，
so it's gucci if you're like "yeah, not today" and take care of yourself.
所以，如果你觉得“今天不行”，那也完全O几把K，回头见就是了。
Might I suggest curling up with some popcorn,
我有个小小的建议，你可以窝在沙发上，弄一桶爆米花，
maybe a chamomile tea and enjoy a delightful romp starring Michael Jordan and Bugs Bunny perhaps?
再来杯洋甘菊茶，好好享受迈克尔·乔丹和兔八哥主演的那部轻松的喜剧片。
There's a lot of political noise out there and you might prefer a little bit of silence.
外面的政治噪音实在是太多了，或许你更喜欢安静。
So if you want to know what's better for your brain, noise or silence, check this video out right over here.
那么，如果您想知道噪音和安静，哪个对您的大脑更好，请前往这里的视频连接寻找答案。
Be sure to subscribe to Seeker and thank you for watching. It's good, it's really good.
记得订阅《科学探索之旅》噢，感谢大家的收看。这个视频不错噢，真的不错的。
