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Today, Squeaks and I are looking at all kinds of super strong rocks!
今天，吱吱和我在看各种超级结实的石头!
We can test which rock is harder by scratching one rock against another,
我们可以通过将一块石头相互摩擦来测试哪一块更硬，
and seeing which one doesn't leave pieces behind
并观察哪一块不会留下碎片
Hmmm … this rock isn't so strong because it leaves some pieces behind when I scratch it against this second rock, see?
嗯……这块石头不那么结实，因为我在第二块石头上划伤的时候留下了一些碎片，看到了吗？
And the second rock is stronger because it doesn't crumble
第二块岩石更坚固，因为它不会破碎
One of the strongest rocks of all though, is one that you might not expect
然而，最坚固的岩石之一，是你可能想不到的
It's a diamond
是钻石
You're right, Squeaks! Diamonds aren't exactly the same thing as rocks
你说得对，吱吱！钻石和石头不完全一样
A diamond is something called a crystal
钻石是一种叫做水晶的东西
That means it's solid, and when you look "reallllly" close, like with a special microscope, you can see that it's made up of smaller pieces arranged in a special, repeating way
这意味着它是固态的，当你“非常非常”近距离看的时候，就像用一个特殊的显微镜一样，你可以看到它是由小的碎片以一种特殊的、重复的方式组成的
Rocks, on the other hand, are made up of lots of different crystals mixed together — like the rocks we have here
另一方面，岩石是由许多不同的晶体混合而成的——就像我们这里的岩石一样
If you mixed together a diamond and a bunch of other crystals, then it would be a rock
如果你把一颗钻石和其他一些晶体混合在一起，那么它就是一块石头
But diamonds are stronger than all the other rocks and crystals in the world!
但是钻石比世界上所有的石头和水晶都要坚硬！
That's because of the stuff diamonds are made out of, and how they form
这是因为钻石是的构成材料，以及它们是如何形成的
Let's take a closer look
让我们仔细看看
Diamonds are made out of carbon, a special material that makes up all kinds of things here on Earth
钻石是由碳构成的，碳是一种特殊的物质，它构成了地球上所有的东西
Lots of rocks contain carbon, pencils and paper have carbon in them, and every single living thing has carbon in it, even you and me
很多岩石都含有碳，铅笔和纸都含有碳，每一种生物都含有碳，包括你和我
But carbon looks different depending on what other materials it's put together with, and how they're put together
但是碳看起来是不一样的，这取决于它与什么其他物质结合在一起，以及它们是如何结合在一起的
It's a lot like how you can make lots of different things with building blocks
就像你可以用积木做很多不同的东西
If Squeaks puts the same blocks together in different ways, they can be a tree, or a house, or a mountain
如果吱吱把同样的积木以不同的方式放在一起，它们就可能是一棵树、一座房子或一座山
For carbon building blocks to become a diamond, they need to be heated up really high, and smushed together super hard
要想让碳积木变成钻石，它们需要加热到很高的温度，然后非常坚硬地混合在一起
Most diamonds formed a really long time ago — between 1 and 3 billion years!
大多数钻石都是在10亿到30亿年前形成的!
That's way before there were dinosaurs on Earth
这是地球上恐龙出现之前的情况
There weren't even any plants yet!
甚至连植物都没有！
Most diamonds also formed deeeeeep underground
大多数钻石也在地下深处形成
About 150 kilometers down — way farther than the deepest hole anyone has ever dug — the Earth is incredibly hot, and made of melted rock
在地下150公里的地方——比任何人挖过的最深的洞还要远——地球非常热，由融化的岩石构成
It's a bit like the inside of a volcano
它有点像火山内部
Some of the carbon deep down there was heated up really, really hot, and was squished together by all of the stuff on top of it
那里深处的一些碳被加热得非常非常热，被上面的东西压扁了
We call that squishing pressure
我们称之为压扁压力
With all of the heat and pressure around it, the tiniest bits of carbon began to move around and stick together, holding each other in place until there were bigger pieces of carbon all stuck together
在它周围的所有热量和压力下，最小的碳原子开始移动并粘在一起，彼此固定在一起，直到有更大的碳原子粘在一起
Can you guess what those bigger pieces turned into, Squeaks?
你能猜出那些更大的碎片变成了什么声音吗？
That's right, it was the start of a diamond
没错，这是钻石的开始
Because of the heat and the pressure, the carbon stuck together in a very regular pattern
由于热量和压力，碳以一种非常规则的方式粘在一起
That's a big part of what makes diamonds so strong
这是钻石如此坚固的一大原因
But even after the carbon stuck together to make the diamonds we know today, they were still really far underground
但是即使在碳结合在一起形成我们今天所知道的钻石之后，它们仍然在地下很远的地方
Then something amazing happened
然后令人惊奇的事情发生了
Some of the molten-hot insides of the Earth /erupted/ towards the surface
地球内部有一些发霉的热的东西向表面喷发出来
It was just like a volcano, Squeaks, only these eruptions came from even deeper underground that volcanoes today, and happened much faster
它就像一座火山，吱吱，只有这些喷发来自于比今天的火山更深的地下，而且发生得更快
The eruptions carried all kinds of materials from the inside of the Earth up to the Earth's crust, the ground right near the surface of the Earth
火山爆发把各种各样的物质从地球内部带到地壳，也就是地球表面附近的地面
The diamonds were carried up, and when they reached close enough to the surface of the Earth, the diamonds and all of the burning-hot rocks and other stuff around them cooled down
钻石被带了上去，当接近地球表面时，钻石和周围燃烧着的热岩石以及其他物质就会冷却下来
Many of the diamonds stopped a little bit below the surface, and even after they cooled down, they stayed in their special shapes
许多钻石在表面以下稍作停留，即使冷却下来，它们仍保持其特殊的形状
Billions of years passed, until people started to find diamonds in the ground
数十亿年后，人们开始在地下发现钻石
These days, people dig up diamonds to sell and to use in things like jewelry or special tools that need to be made of one of the strongest materials in the world
如今，人们挖出钻石来出售，并用于珠宝或特殊工具等需要用世界上最坚固的材料之一来制作的东西
That is one super crystal
这是一个超级晶体
Thanks to one of our viewers, Rishabh, for asking us about this!
感谢我们的一位观众，瑞莎芭，问我们这个问题!
What amazingly strong rocks can you find where you live?
你能在你住的地方找到什么异常坚硬的岩石？
Are there other tests you can think of to see how strong rocks and crystals like diamonds are?
你还能想到其他的测试来看看像钻石这样的岩石和晶体有多坚固吗？
We have a website where you can send us your ideas!
我们有一个网站，你可以把你的想法发送给我们！
Just ask a grown-up to help you go to patreon.com/scishowkids to check it out
让一个成年人帮你登陆patreon.com/scishowkids去看看吧
We'll see you next time, here at the Fort!
我们下次在堡垒见！
