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communicating his heart and I don't just mean figuring out what your dad really means
心灵交流，我的意思并不是要弄清你爸爸说话的含义
when he says your new hair color is a bold choice
当他说你新染的颜色很大胆
it takes a whole lot of processing to understand what words people are saying at all
理解人们在说什么，需要经过大量处理
like say your cousin calls you on the phone to say how excited they are for you to meet their new friend Laurel,
比如说你的表弟给你打电话，说他们对于你能见到他们的新朋友劳雷尔
or was it Annie
或者安妮多么激动
how you hear language depends a lot on the context like what you're expecting visual cues
听到的语言很大程度上取决于语境，比如期待的视觉线索
and even what culture you were racing
甚至文化因素
and without those cues you can be tricked into hearing something you actually didn't
如果没有这些提示，你可能会被骗去听一些你实际上听不出的东西
in English we use about 44 different sounds to communicate
在英语中，我们大约使用44种不同的声音交流
like C and K can make the same sound
就像C和K可以发出相同的声音
but we also need to combine letters to make sounds like th
但是我们还需要把字母组合在一起发出th的声音
these units are called phonemes and there are actually hundreds of phonemes used across all the languages on earth
这些单位被称为音素，实际上地球上所有语言中都有数百种音素
but if you only speak English, chances are you can only hear the difference between those 44
但如果你只会说英语，很可能你只听到这44种因素的区别
for example in the words keep and cool
例如单词，保持和凉爽
adult English speakers generally hear the same sound at the beginning
通常讲英语的成年人士一开始听到的声音相同
but a fluent Arabic speaker would likely hear two different sounds
但是一个说流利阿拉伯语的人可能会听到两种不同的声音
a scratchier key and a sharper Kuh and the weird thing is six-month-old babies can also hear a meaningful difference
一个是摩擦钥匙的声音，一个是直升机的声音，奇怪的是六个月大的婴儿也能听到两者之间大的区别
this has been tested using habituation studies
这已经通过习惯研究测试过
which are based on the idea that when a baby is sucking on a pacifier and sees something new
习惯研究基于这样一种想法：婴儿吮吸奶嘴时，当看到一些新鲜事物
they're sucking slows down
吸吮的速度变慢
so they can take it all in
这样婴儿就可以全部吸进去
using this method researchers have found that
通过这种方法，研究人员发现
six month old infants can tell apart pretty much any phonemes you play them through headphones
6个月大的婴儿几乎可以分辨出耳机播放的任何音素
they seem to be processing all the sounds generally, not through the lens of any particular language
一般来说，他们似乎处理全部的声音，而不是处理任何特定的语言
but they lose this ability by ten to twelve months
但10~12个月后他们会失去这种能力
then they can really only discern sounds from whatever languages they've been surrounded by in that first year
实际上，他们只能分辨出第一年所接触到的任何语言的声音
it's possible that this is because
这可能是因为
any extra neural connections that could discern other sounds get eliminated from lack of use
任何可以识别其他声音的额外神经连接都会因为缺乏使用而被淘汰
language gets lateralized in the brain
语言在大脑中具有单侧性
so after a year we process it pretty much just with our left hemisphere
一年之后，我们仅仅用左脑就可以处理语言
so these phoneme differences can make it tricky to learn new languages
所以这些音素的差异会让新语言的学习变得棘手
but don't worry there are plenty of chances for confusion in your native language to
但是不要担心，在使用母语时，我们经常会混淆
take the McGurk effect, it's an illusion where people
以McGurk效应为例，它是一种错觉——
think they hear two different sounds based on what someone's face is doing
基于人的面部表情，人们假设自己听到的是两种不同的声音
even though the audio is exactly the same
即使音频完全一样
like try this, watch one side of the screen for a couple seconds
就像这样，看屏幕的一侧几秒钟
and then the other and see if you hear a change
然后看另一侧，你是否听到了声音的变化
bop bop-bop-bop, you really heard was just BA with a B
bop bop-bop-bop，事实上你听到的只是B开头的BA
but for most people that shifts from ba to fall with an F, depending on the mouth movements you're looking at
但大多数人以为是从BA转变到FA，这取决于你观察到的嘴巴动作
so what happens if you don't have a person's face to look at
所以，如果不看一个人的面部表情会发生什么
like on a phone call, most of the time people use context to figure out ambiguous sounds
就像打电话一样，大多数情况下，人们会使用语境来识别含糊不清的声音
and one way to see this, is called the ganang effect
有一种方法，叫做加南效应
in one study researchers artificially made a sound halfway between a D and a T
在一项研究中，研究人员人工制造了一种介于D和T之间的声音
so most people couldn't tell the difference
大多数人都分辨不出二者的区别
when they put that sound at the start of a word with a SH at the end
当把这种声音放在单词的开头，尾音是SH
most people think it's a D because Dash is an English word and Tash isn't
大多数人认为是D，因为Dash是英语单词，而Tash不是
but if they put a SK after it, most people think it's a tea
但是如果在单词的末尾加上SK，大多数人认为这是茶
because task is an English word, even though it's the same ambiguous sound
因为task是英语单词，即使它的发音含糊不清
people's brains are so good at this that you can even replace the sound with a short burst of static
人类大脑在这方面非常擅长，以至于可以用短爆破音来代替
and this can be taken to some extremes
这可能会走入极端
for example listen to this, not a lot there right
比如，听听看这个，听的不太清，对吗
if you don't have any context to guide your expectation
如果你没有任何语境来引导预期
it can be really hard to understand noisy sounds
嘈杂的声音理解起来会很难
but if you know it's going to be someone saying, the football player lost a shoe
但如果有人说足球运动员丢了一只鞋
it becomes easier to hear that message even though it's garbled, and it's super hard to unhear it
即使信息混乱，也很容易被听到，而且很难不被听到
it's hard to say exactly why these illusions happen
很难确切地说这些幻觉为什么会出现
but neuroimaging studies have found that they tend to involve parts of the temporal lobe
但神经影像学研究发现，幻觉往往涉及部分颞叶
which is involved in hearing and language
颞叶涉及听力和语言
for example one fold of the temporal lobe called the superior temporal sulcus
例如颞叶的一个褶叫做颞上沟
seems to help integrate auditory and visual information
似乎有助于整合听觉和视觉信息
now even if you have context, there's the added fact that people can't hear all frequencies of sound equally well
如今，即使有背景信息，也会存在这样的事实，即人们听到各种频率声音的效果不是一样好
most average people can hear frequencies from about 20 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz
大多数普通人能听到20~20,000赫兹频率的声音
but we hear the range near human voice is best
但是接近人声范围内的听力效果是最好的
which are usually around 250 to 6,000 Hertz
该范围通常在250~6,000赫兹
people need to crank really low and really high frequencies up to a higher amplitude
人们需要把极低和极高频率声音的振幅调至更高
in order to perceive them to be the same volume
才能感知两个声音相同的音量
you can illustrate this with an equal loudness curve
可以用等响曲线进行说明
this probably has to do with the anatomy of the inner ear and which frequencies can reverberate
这可能与内耳解剖以及可以混响的频率有关
through it the most to stimulate nerves
通过该频率神经的刺激度达到最高
although hearing is pretty complex
虽然听力很复杂
so remember that Yanni and Laurel recording that went viral
还记得风靡一时的雅尼和劳雷尔的录音吗
the sound of Yanni was above 4500 Hertz, which is near the top of where our brains expect spoken language to be
雅尼的声音超过4500赫兹，这个声音接近我们大脑所期望的口语水平的顶端
some people just hear those frequencies a little better or worse
有些人听到的频率很适合，有些人听到频率的效果很差
the recording was of the word Laurel
这个录音是劳雷尔的声音
but when it's played back on devices that can't reproduce, lower frequencies is loud
但当它在无法回放的设备上播放时，低频声音会很大
some of those Yanni frequencies could be louder by comparison
相比之下，雅尼的频率可能更大
so it made an ambiguous noise, like the sound halfway between D and T that you could use context to make sense of
所以它发出了一种介于D和T之间模棱两可的声音，可以用语境来理解
and like the Shoeless football player
就像光脚的足球运动员
lots of people found they could change what they heard just by focusing their brains on one word or the other
许多人发现，只要把大脑集中在一个或另一个单词上，听到的内容就会改变
basically brains are really weird and amazing
从根本上说，大脑的确有些不可思议
so thanks for exploring them with us here on scishow psyche
感谢收看本期的心理科学秀
to learn about ways to trick your other senses check out our video about the rubber hand illusion
学习如何欺骗你的其他感官，请观看我们的橡胶手错觉视频
and don't forget to go to youtube.com/scishow psyche and subscribe
别忘了登陆youtube.com/scishow psyche网站订阅我们的节目哦
