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The conflict between Arab and Jew in Israel and the occupied territories
阿拉伯和以色列犹太人之间关于被占领领土的冲突是用炸弹、
is fought with bombs and jet fighter attacks and with high level political posturing.
喷气战斗机的攻击和高层政治姿态来解决的。
But there's also a psychological struggle between the two.
但两者之间也有心理战。下面请听
New York Times Correspondent David Shipler has written a book called Arab and Jew,
《纽约时报》记者大卫·希普勒曾写过一本书，名为《阿拉伯人和犹太人》，
which explores the stereotypes and myths that Israelis learn about Arabs, and that Arabs learn about Israelis.
这本书讲解了以色列人与阿拉伯人互相了解的典型范例和神话。
These myths, said Shipler, stem from and help perpetuate the political and military conflicts.
希普勒表示，这些神话与政治和军事冲突相生相伴。
Shipler says the two cultures teach their children to hate in the schools.
希普勒还说，两个民族的文化都让孩子在学校的时候就学会了憎恨。
Increasingly, Israeli Jews are beginning to realize that the battlefield is not only on the frontiers of their country ,
以色列犹太人越来越发觉，战场并非国家唯一的疆界，
but also in the minds of their children, that what happens in classrooms,
他们的疆界还应该在孩子们的脑海里，在教室的课程里，
how the Arab is portrayed in text-books, how the teachers talk about Arabs,
在阿拉伯人在书本中的形象里，在老师口中有关阿拉伯人的故事里，
how Arab children see Jews as they grow up, all of these elements are important in shaping the future,
在阿拉伯儿童目睹犹太人长大的场景里，这些元素对于塑造未来都很重要。
because the prejudices are very deep and are reinforced so thoroughly every day that it's hard to see a way out of them .
由于偏见已深，而且每天都贯彻的如此彻底，所以很难找到弥合的入口。
There is textbook called The Arabs and Islam that's used ...
有一本教科书名为《阿拉伯人和伊斯兰人》，
it's published by the Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture and used in religious Jewish schools for seventh and eighth graders.
这本书由以色列教育文化部出版，是七年级和八年级犹太学生的课本。
And that textbook portrays the Arab as essentially primitive and violent.
这本书将阿拉伯人描绘成暴力的原始人类。
These two concepts go together in the sense that the Arab affection for violence and battle and warfare and robbery is highlighted.
有两种观念始终一道出现，给人一种这样的感觉：阿拉伯人钟爱暴力、战争、劫掠，这种感觉是这本书一直强调的内容。
And you don't get any sense at all of the Arab as a modern, urban professional.
从书中一点都感觉不到阿拉伯是一个现代、专业的都市民族。
The Arab is a desert warrior essentially, whose children grow up playing games. ...
阿拉伯人就是沙漠中的骑士，小孩子都是玩牌长大的。
For example, there's a passage that says the Bedouin man is proud to engage in robbery and so educates his children.
比如，其中有一段说，贝多因人很骄傲能劫掠他人，也乐于向孩子言传身教。
Bedouin children like the game Hassu, robbery raids.
贝多因的孩子很喜欢玩儿Hassu的游戏，也就是抢劫游戏。
They compete in running and wrestling and learn to use weapons at a very young age.
大家争相赛跑，彼此扭打，很小的时候就会用武器了。
In another section, there's a phrase that says,
还有一句话可以从侧面印证这一点：
the women who lose their sons or husbands in the battle receive the hard news without weeping or cries.
丈夫或者儿子在战场上阵亡的女性即便听闻这样的消息也不会掩面而哭。
In other words, the Arab doesn't value human life somehow. Now that stereotype is fairly common to many cultures.
换言之，阿拉伯人并不珍视生命。现在很多文化都是如此。
We heard that during the Vietnam War about the Vietnamese : they don't value human life like we Westerners.
越南战争期间，我们听闻越南人说自己：并不像西方人一样珍视生命。
Exactly. During the Korean War about the Koreans, during World War II about the Japanese.
确实如此，朝鲜战争期间，朝鲜人是如此；二战期间，日本人也是如此。
It's a fairly common one. Of course, what it does is dehumanize the Arab in the eyes of Jewish children who are raised with these textbooks.
这种心理很常见。当然了，这样做的结果就是让阿拉伯人成了犹太孩子眼中毫无人性的人类，因为犹太人是看着这样的教科书长大的。
Now what happens when you go to schools of Arabs inside Israeli occupied territory?
那么，在以色列的领土内上阿拉伯的学校会怎样呢？
How did they portray the Jews, the Israelis?
阿拉伯人会怎样描述犹太人和以色列人呢？
The textbooks that are used surreptitiously in Arab schools on the West Bank,
约旦河西岸的阿拉伯学校会
for example, are published by Jordan. You say, surreptitiously.
偷偷使用约旦人出版的教材。没错，是偷偷。
Yes, because the Israeli procedure is to take those Jordanian textbooks, expurgate the offensive passages and republish them.
之所以这样是因为以色列会将约旦版的教材拿过来，删减掉有冒犯性的部分，然后重新发布。
But in fact they have only three inspectors for a thousand schools to check
但实际上，1000所学校只有3个审查员负责
to make sure that Arab teachers are not using the Jordanian versions.
检查阿拉伯教师是否有使用约旦的版本。
So they really can't check up very thoroughly. And the Jordanian versions do creep into the classrooms.
所以他们也无法彻查。而约旦的版本就这样走进了阿拉伯学生的教室。
What happens in those textbooks is that Jews are portrayed as violent
约旦版教科书将犹太人描绘成暴力的形象，
and are hardly seen at all except in the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
而且犹太人每每在教科书中出现，都是阿拉伯和以色列发生冲突的时候。
One of the interesting companion stereotypes to the Jew as violent that you see in Arab textbooks is the Jew as a coward.
有趣的是，跟暴力形象一样频繁出现在课本中的犹太人形象是怯懦。
This idea is quite pervasive. The Jew is strong because he has advanced weapons,
怯懦的形象可谓深入人心。犹太人之所以强大是因为他们有先进的武器，
but in his soul, in his heart he's a coward, and so he hides behind these weapons.
但骨子里是懦夫，所以要靠武器来掩饰怯懦。
Is there any way to gauge whether these stereotypes, whether the school's socialization process is really working?
有什么途径能评估这些典型形象以及学校的社交化流程是否起到了什么作用呢？
In other words, can you somehow measure if the ...
您能评估学校的教育以怎样的方式影响着阿拉伯
how these teachings of the schools are affecting the way Arab and Israeli children interact with each other,
和以色列彼此相处的方式吗？
that it makes them hostile toward each other?
学校教育会让他们彼此仇视吗？
In the first place Arab and Israeli children hardly ever have contact and rarely have an opportunity to interact,
首先，阿拉伯和以色列几乎接触不到彼此，
because they live separately, they go to separate schools, and what not.
因为他们生活在不同的地方，学校也不在一起。
But I think there's no question that the school setting on both sides encourages bigotry.
但我认为，毫无疑问的是，双方学校的设置是鼓励仇视彼此的。
There was one example that brought it home to me of an Israeli girl who was ten years old,
我亲眼见过一个例子，一个10岁的以色列小女孩，
who came home from school one day after an attack on Arab mayors on the West Bank,
有一天，这个小女孩从学校回家，当天阿拉伯人在约旦河西岸遭受了攻击。
and she said, Mommy, are we glad or not glad that it happened? She didn't know.
小女孩问妈妈：妈妈，阿拉伯人发生这样的是，我们是该开心还是该不开心？她不知道。
Her mother said, We're absolutely not glad. Violence is never the way.
她的妈妈说：我们当然不开心，因为暴力不是解决问题的方法。
And the next day she came home from school, and she said, Mommy, you're wrong. We are glad it happened.
第二天，小女孩放学回家后对妈妈说：妈妈，你错了。我们应该感到开心才对。
I don't know where she picked it up, whether from other children or from a teacher.
我不知道小女孩是从哪里听来的，是从其他孩子那里还是从老师那里。
But there are some schools, and in especially religious schools in Israel devoted to teaching children of right-wing ultranationalists,
但有一些学校，尤其是以色列的一些宗教学校都专门教孩子学右翼的极端思想，
where the instruction is quite ideological in terms of rejecting the Arab as an alien
他们教导孩子一种思想，即要排斥阿拉伯人，将他们视为不该生活在这片土地的外族人，
who really doesn't belong in this land except as a subordinate to the Jew.
除非他们服从于犹太人。
Young people have told me that they're taught that the Arab is Amalek,
曾有年轻人告诉我，他们听老师说过，阿拉伯人是亚玛力人，
the ancient enemy of the Jews in the Bible who is to be exterminated.
而亚玛力人在《圣经》里是犹太人在古时候的敌人，是要被根除的。
You have been talking a lot about school textbooks, for instance,
关于学校的教科书，您已经谈论过很多了，
what's taught in the schools as a way of perpetuating these stereotypes.
比如学校为了将典型形象洗脑而教了什么。
In our own country, of course, there's been a big effort in the past ten-twenty years to purge textbooks
当然了，过去10多年乃至20多年来，我们一直在殷切努力，
in the classrooms of the sort of stereotypes we have had of blacks, for instance, or Indians.
破除我们教科书里对黑人，比如印度人的固有偏见。
Is there anybody in Israel who is trying to do a similar thing with the Israeli textbooks?'
以色列是否有像我们一样对教科书改革做过类似的努力呢？
Yes, there is an entire effort being conducted by the Vanier Foundation
有的，凡尼亚基金会与教育部合作，
with the Ministry of Education's cooperation to take these stereotypes out of text books,
目的是将这种固有形象从教科书中删除出去，
to write new ones, to revise the curriculum from top to bottom,
对教科书进行改版，从头到尾进行修订。
beginning in the youngest grades in an effort to sensitize Israeli Jewish children
从低年级开始，目的是让以色列犹太人的孩子们
to the richness and diversity of Arab culture and to portray Arabs as more than just enemies,
了解到阿拉伯文化的丰富和多样性，不只将阿拉伯人描绘成敌人，
but also as fellow citizens and neighbors. And this is something the government condones?
还将他们描绘为邻居。政府是否允许这样的事情发生呢？
Well, half-heartedly. There is a support for it officially in the Education Ministry, but the religious schools are reluctant to do it.
怎么说呢，也愿意也不愿意吧。教育部官方是支持这件事的，但宗教学校却不愿意这样做。
And there's been some resistance on the part of some educators at the level of school principal or teacher. So it's a mixed picture.
校长和老师是有些不情愿的。所以什么情况都有。
It's gone to the point where quite a few eleventh grade classes now are following an elective curriculum
事态已经发展到了这样的程度：一些11年级的班级会采取选修课的形式，
in which they begin the first day by writing down all the words that come to mind when they think of Arabs.
开学第一天就要写下他们在想到阿拉伯人的时候映入脑海的描述。
The teacher then puts them up on the blackboard, and the kids have to sit there and stare at their own prejudices.
然后，老师会把这些词写在黑板上，孩子们必须要睁大眼睛看着自己对阿拉伯人的偏见。
And that's the beginning of a process of dealing with the stereotypes they've grown up with.
这只是以色列人应对自己从出生起就带有的偏见的方式，而这只是开始。
David Shipler. His new book is called Arab and Jews : Wounded Spirits in A Promised Land.
大卫·希普勒，他的新书叫《阿拉伯人和犹太人：受伤的精神在应许之地》。
