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Today we’re talking about loneliness; not to be confused with introversion, or social anxiety, while those subjects are worthy topics.
今天我们来聊聊孤独;但大家不要把孤独和内向或是社交焦虑搞混了，虽然这些主题也是值得我们探讨的。
Loneliness actually has been defined in many ways: “a state of solitude or being alone,”
实际上，人们对孤独的定义有很多：“孤独或孤单的状态，”
“inability to find meaning in one’s life.”
“找不到生活的意义”等等等等。
Okay, this is already a downer, so look at a picture of a panda.
完了，我的语气越来越不对劲了，我们还是来看一张滚滚的照片吧。
Aw, it's cute! Now I want a panda. I'm gonna overnight one to my crib. I'm gonna do that.
啊，是不是很可爱！我也想要滚滚了。我想让它睡我的婴儿床。我是认真的。
Of course, we’re not the only generation to experience loneliness,
当然，并不是只有我们这代人才觉得孤独，
even though listening to The Weeknd really does make it feel like that.
虽然听The Weeknd的时候确实会让人这么觉得。
Health insurance provider Cigna recently published a study citing that 18-22 year olds have the highest “loneliness score,”
健康保险提供商信诺最近发表的一项研究表明，18-22岁的人拿到了最高的“孤独分数”，
followed by millennials, then Generation X.
八零后九零后排第二，七零后和六零后排第三。
so yeah, young people, we just killin' it right now.
没错，年轻人，我们确实是最孤独的。
Generation Z cited that they feel people are around them but they aren’t really with them,
95后表示，他们能感觉到自己周围有人，但他们其实并不熟，
feel shy, and they feel like people don’t know them very well.
他们感到害羞，还觉得人们并不了解他们。
The old man in me really wants to say,
作为一名空巢老人，我想说，
“these kids right now are out here spending too much time on the Twitters and the Fortnites!”,
“这些孩子玩推特玩《堡垒之夜》玩太多了！”，
but that’s not exactly what Cigna found.
信诺调查的结果却并非如此。
Cigna cited lack of an IRL social life as part of the problem,
信诺称部分问题在于缺乏现实生活中的社交，
saying that “levels of in-person interactions, physical and mental wellness, and life balance”
“亲身互动、身心健康和生活平衡的水平”
are better predictors of loneliness than social media alone.
比单独的社交媒体更能说明孤独问题。
So, if your IG game is on point but you like to hang out with your friends, you should be good.
所以，如果你玩IG游戏但喜欢和朋友一起出去玩，那你还是很乖的。
but if social media IS hanging out with your friends, go outside!
但如果与你的朋友玩儿的社交媒体，那你就需要多到外面走走了！
Humans are social mammals and need social interaction to survive;
人类是社会哺乳动物，需要社交才能生存;
that’s part of why solitary confinement in prisons is so torturous.
这就是监狱中单独监禁会特别折磨人的原因之一。
Why do that to ourselves on the outside?
我们没在监狱里干嘛还这么折磨我们自己呢？
“Y’all best go out to the quarry for some stickball and a swim!”
“你们最好到室外去打打棒球，游个泳什么的！”
You know, I'm not doing this voice again.
告诉你们吧，这话我不会再说了。
One study breaks down three types of loneliness.
某研究将孤独分成了三种类型。
Situational loneliness is when unpleasant events or circumstances cause us to retract from society.
情境孤独指当不愉快的事件或情况导致我们避开人群的那种孤独。
Developmental loneliness can hinder our capacity to balance individualism and intimacy.
发育性孤独则可能妨碍我们平衡个人主义和亲密关系的能力。
(Psychological disorders like depression or schizophrenia could cause developmental loneliness).
（抑郁症或精神分裂等心理障碍可能导致发育性孤独感）。
And finally, internal loneliness, when a self-perception of worthlessness intensifies the feeling of being alone.
最后，内心的孤独，也即被自己毫无价值的认知加剧的孤独的感觉。
This got dark again, bring in another panda pic.
好吧，又变消极了，我们还是再来看一张滚滚图片吧。
Lifestyle influences our neurophysiology, so lonely people perceive the world very differently.
生活方式会影响着我们的神经生理，孤独的人对世界的看法和其他人截然不同。
For instance, people suffering from loneliness tend to see benign events as more threatening,
举个例子，孤独的人容易把原本很积极的事情看得很有威胁性，
living in self-defense mode… even in their sleep.
他们总是生活在自卫模式中......连睡觉的时候也不例外。
Some research suggests that lonelier people have more restless sleep patterns, which could impact cognitive development.
一些研究表明，孤独的人的睡眠模式更加不安，从而可能影响他们认知能力的发展。
Research suggests that there are neural correlates for loneliness.
研究表明，孤独感有神经方面的原因。
A 2009 study revealed that lonelier people showed less activation in brain centers associated with reward when viewing pictures of people in pleasant situations,
2009年的一项研究显示，在愉悦的情况下观看人物照片时，孤独的人大脑中与奖励有关的部分并不是活跃，
and less activation in parts of the brain linked to empathy when viewing images of people in unpleasant situations.
在不愉快的情况下观看人物照片时，大脑中与同理心有关的部分也不是很活跃。
Other researchers also discovered that neurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei are sensitive to social isolation.
其他研究人员还发现，中缝背核中的神经元对社会孤立会很敏感。
Those neurons in question, taken together with the ones from the ventral striatum, deal with the reward neurotransmitter dopamine.
那些神经元要与腹侧纹状体的神经元一起处理神经递质多巴胺。
So, it’s possible that low social interactions = less dopamine = less feeling good.
所以，缺乏社交可能意味着多巴胺减少，意味着正面的感觉减少。
Of course, the latter study was run with mice, so more research is always needed.
当然了，后一项研究的实验对象是老鼠，所以我们还需要进一步研究。
On top of that, a meta-analysis from 1980 to 2015 found that
最重要的是，研究时间从1980年持续到了2015年的一项元分析发现
loneliness and its accompanying depression was as bad as smoking 15 cigarettes a day, and is a risk factor for mortality.
孤独感及其伴随的抑郁症的糟糕程度相当于每天抽15支烟，也是导致死亡的危险因素之一。
This is so dark; bring in the pandas!
太消极了，是时候把所有的滚滚都放上来了！
Please, don’t leave, don't leave! I’m not gonna leave you on a downer.
拜托，别走啊，别走啊！我保证不变消极了还不行嘛。
Loneliness is a social epidemic, yes, but there are remedies.
孤独是一种社会流行病，是的，但我们还有补救措施。
Don’t replace friendships and happiness with likes and text messages.
不要用点赞和短信取代友谊和幸福。
Go out and meet people! Humans need social interaction in real life – it’s developmentally necessary.
出去认识一些朋友吧！人类需要在现实生活中社交 - 这一点对于人类的发展是很必要的。
Easier said than done, but remember, you’re not alone in feeling alone.
说起来容易做起来难啊，但请记住，觉得孤独的不止你一个。
And if you’ll excuse me, I have a panda waiting for me at home.
抱歉，我家里有一只熊猫正等我呢。
I did order one, and I can't wait to play with it.
我TB了一个，我已经等不及要和它一起玩儿了。
Yo, thanks so much for watching.
药，非常感谢大家的观看。
If you're like, “ooh, I need a little bit more loneliness content!”
你要是觉得“啊，我想看更多关于孤独的视频！”
watch this video about what solitary confinement does to your brain.
那就请移步这个视频，了解单独监禁对大脑的影响吧。
And if you're like, “that's a little bit too dark for me,”
你要是觉得“我觉得不行，对我来说太消极了，”
watch this video about pandas watching…watching porn?
那你可以看下这个滚滚看......看小电影的视频？
Watch this video about pandas watching porn.
看这期滚滚看……小……电……影……的视频。
Thanks for watching my video, and also, subscribe to Seeker for more videos!
感谢大家收看我的视频，还有，别忘了订阅“科学探索之旅”观看更多视频喔！
Pandas watching porn?
滚滚看小电影？
I'm definitely gonna hafta watch that.
这种视频我能错过？
I gotta find out what's going on with pandas.
我得搞清楚滚滚到底怎么了。
