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A lot of hay has been made about CRISPR CAS9, the gene editing technique so precise, so easy, so versatile
围绕CRISPR CAS9的研究已经取得了大量成果，基因编辑技术如此精确，如此简单，如此万能，
it's opened the possibility of chopping and swapping DNA around like a molecular level Dr. Frankenstein.
它令移除和置换DNA成为可能，成为分子水平上的弗兰肯斯坦博士。
The implications are huge for humans and our genome.
CRISPR CAS9的研究成果对人类及其基因组产生了重大影响。
We could alter the genes of embryos, or treat genetic maladies in those already born.
如果尚在胚胎阶段，我们可以改变基因，如果已经出生，我们也能治疗遗传疾病。
Now in 2018, clinical trials on humans are scheduled to start for the first time.
现在，2018年，针对人类的临床试验计划首次启动。
But just as they're getting underway, there may be a problem thanks to our immune system.
但就在这项计划徐徐展开之际，我们的免疫系统出现了问题。
To understand why our immune system is being a jerk and preventing us from treating disorders like sickle-cell anemia,
要理解为何我们的混蛋免疫系统，阻挠我们开展镰状细胞性贫血等疾病的治疗，
it helps to step back and remember exactly what CRISPR CAS9 is.
我们就要退一步，准确记住CRISPR CAS9实为何物。
It's actually an immune response bacteria use to protect themselves from viruses.
它实际上是一种细菌用来保护自己免受病毒感染的免疫反应。
CAS9 is a protein the bacteria make that act as molecular scissors, cutting virus DNA to ribbons,
CAS9是一种蛋白质，细菌将它当做分子剪刀，将病毒的DNA剪断，
and two of the most commonly used types of CAS9 come from bacteria that can cause staph infections or strep throat.
而最常用的两种CAS9来自于引起葡萄球菌感染或链球菌性咽喉炎的细菌。
These are bacteria we want our immune systems to have a defense against.
而这两种细菌正是我们希望免疫系统去防御的菌种。
And to defend against them, our immune system has to be able to recognize the bacteria and the various proteins they make,
为了防御它们，我们的免疫系统必须能够识别它们，以及它们所制造出的各种蛋白质，
so they can track them down and destroy them.
这样就能追踪并将其摧毁。
Sorry I called you a jerk earlier, immune system, you're just doing what comes naturally.
对不起，免疫系统，我刚刚把你称作混蛋，你只是做了你该做的事。
To see if these two versions of CAS9 were on our immune system's hit list, researchers tested the blood of 34 donors for antibodies.
为了看看这两种CAS9是否位列我们免疫系统的打击名单，研究人员对34名捐献者血液中的抗体进行了检测。
They found 65 percent had a defense against the strep version while 79 percent fought the staph variety.
结果发现有65%人对链球菌进行了防御，而79%的人则攻击了葡萄球菌。
In another experiment with 13 blood donors, 6 of them had T-cells that attacked staph's CAS9.
在另一个实验中，13名献血者中，有6名体内含有攻击葡萄球菌CAS9的T细胞。
The findings are yet to be peer reviewed,
这一发现尚待同行评议，
but one of the authors is the scientific founder of a leading CRISPR human therapy company, so he's got some credibility.
但其中一位作者是一家领先CRISPR人类治疗公司的科学创始人，因此他有一定的可信度。
And if our immune systems respond to CRISPR, it could mean more than just rendering the therapy ineffective.
如果我们的免疫系统对CRISPR产生免疫反应，可能就不仅仅是治疗失效的事了。
It could make our immune systems go haywire and kill us, which has happened in a previous attempt at human genetic therapy.
这可能会造成我们的免疫系统紊乱，置我们于死地，这种事情在以前人类基因治疗的尝试中就发生过。
The next question is: is this the end of the line for CRISPR?
下一个问题是：CRISPR治疗将就此终结吗？
Good game, well played, but our bodies are just too vigilant for this revolutionary gene editing?
好游戏，好好玩，但是我们的身体对这个革命性的基因编辑太警惕了？
No, we're going to science our way around this conundrum!
不，我们要科学攻克这个难题！
There are already a few solutions to this possible problem, like modifying CAS9 into a form our immune system can't recognize,
对于这个可能存在的问题，已经有了一些解决方案，比如将CAS9修改成为我们免疫系统不能识别的形式，
or using a different protein from the oodles of other bacteria that have their own versions of CAS9.
或者使用来自其他细菌的不同蛋白质，它们都有自己版本的CAS9。
Or if the protein gets attacked when it's in our bodies, then perhaps we could put it to work outside our bodies,
或者如果蛋白质在我们体内受到攻击，或许我们可以把它移出体外，
modifying extracted cells before returning them to the body.
在将其放回体内之前，对精心选出的细胞进行修改。
Or CAS9 could be used in places where the immune system is locked out, like inside our eyes where it could treat hereditary blindness.
或者CAS9可以用于免疫系统失效的地方，就像我们的眼中，治疗遗传性失明一样。
CRISPR has way too much potential to let a little thing like our bodies stop progress.
CRISPR在让像我们的身体一样的小东西停止发展上潜能无限。
The findings of these recent experiments are more of a speed bump than a brick wall.
这些最新实验的结果只是让这一领域的研究放慢了脚步，这个难题并非不可攻破。
Medical advances occasionally have to overcome biological defenses.
医学进步有时必须克服生物防御机制。
For example our blood vessels in our brains make it really hard to deliver medicine to our old noodle.
例如，我们大脑中的血管为输送药物带来了极大的困难。
To learn why the blood brain barrier is overall a good thing, check out this video here.
要了解为什么血脑屏障总的来说是一个好东西，请在这里观看视频。
We could talk CRISPR all day here at Seeker so if you have any questions about it go ahead and drop them in the comments.
Seeker可以与您全天探讨CRISPR，所以如果你有任何问题，继续，把他们写在评论中。
Be sure to subscribe, and thanks for watching Seeker!
敬请订阅，谢谢收看！
