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Anxiety is an issue that is being brought to light more and more frequently in mainstream media,
焦虑症被越来越多的带入主流媒体中，
which can really help those that suffer from this issue.
而这也能帮助到那些患焦虑症的朋友们。
People often see anxiety as just something that everyone experiences,
人们常认为焦虑症是每个人都会经历的
but it's important to recognize that there's a difference between the occasional bout of nerves
但重要的是识别临时性的神经发作
and the debilitating symptoms of those that suffer from anxiety as an actual mental illness.
和作为一种真实的精神疾病时因焦虑而表现出的虚弱症状之间的区别。
Graham C. L. Davey is an experimental psychopathologist,
格拉哈姆 C. L.戴维是一名实验精神病理学家，
he researches mental health in labs and in particular tries to get a better understanding of the causes of anxiety based problems through controlled experimentation.
他在实验室中对精神疾病进行研究，并希望通过可控实验对以焦虑症为基础的疾病的起因有更好的理解。
Davey has spoken a lot about the phenomenon of helicopter parents.
戴维对直升机式父母的现象做出了很多解释。
As Davey explains, it's only natural for parents to want to do the best for their kids, particularly in terms of health and education.
根据戴维所说的，父母都希望给孩子做好的，特别是在健康和教育方面，这是天性使然。
But helicopter parents probably overdo this.
但是直升机式父母做得有些过多了。
Davey elaborates further saying, in life everyone will be faced by threats and challenges at some point and will need to know how to deal with these when they arise.
戴维对此作了进一步解释，在生命中，每个人都会面对威胁和挑战，也需要了解如何应对这些问题。
Kids whose parents shield them from every kind of challenge, even challenges they face in education,
如果父母过度保护孩子，甚至是连学业中的挑战也要保护的话，
run the risk of growing up anxious, largely because their parents protective behavior has prevented them from practicing suitable coping responses,
就会出现成长的焦虑，这很大部分是因为这些父母们的保护行为让孩子们无法学习适当的应对反应，
and has conveyed to them that maybe there is something frightening about those things their parents have been shielding them from.
并且父母们还向孩子们传递了一种信息：父母为他们抵挡的这些挑战都是很可怕的。
Along with helicopter parents, you have snowplow parents. Snowplow parents are probably the worst, observed Davey.
除了直升机式父母，还有扫雪机式的父母。据戴维观察，扫雪机式的父母是最为糟糕。
By removing everything in life that might be a potential obstacle to their child
通过扫除孩子生命中的一切潜在障碍
they never allow their children to learn how to cope with their own obstacles in life.
这些父母从不允许他们的孩子学习如何处理人生中遇到的障碍。
I suspect many helicopter parents are themselves anxious people who are genuinely attempting to do the best for their kids, says Davey
当谈及是什么造就了直升机式父母的保护欲时，戴维说道，
when discussing what makes helicopter parents so protective.
我猜很多直升机式父母本身就是焦虑症患者，他们真的是想给孩子最好的。
But as a result, they're not allowing their offspring to find out about the world and how to cope with it.
正是因此，他们不允许自己的下一代探索世界以及应对方法。
Davey points out that kids don't come with manuals. Every parent has a different way of raising kids,
戴维指出养孩子可没有说明书供你参考。每个父母养育孩子的方式都不同，
but it's been proven time and again that overprotection is a downside and doesn't allow children to develop coping mechanisms later in life.
但事实再一次证明，过度的保护是不利的，并且这样阻止了孩子们应对困难机制的发展。
Davey is quick to point out what a major influence a parent can have on the mental health of their children.
戴维很快指出了父母对孩子们精神健康的主要影响。
Parents can be quite subjective about what issues they consider important in their children's lives, explains Davey.
戴维解释道，涉及关于孩子的重要问题，父母们都相当主观。
But arguably, more important than this is the way these issues are dealt with.
但是可能更重要的是解决问题的方法。
Negative parenting for example, is particularly problematic and a common source of mental health problems in offspring.
例如，消极的父母教育尤其有问题，并且也是后代精神健康问题的普遍来源。
Negative parenting includes disciplining strategies such as threatening a child, 'you stop crying or I'll give you something to cry about'.
消极的父母教育包括处罚性的策略，比如威胁孩子，“再哭，就让你哭个够”。
Or attending to the child only when they're doing something wrong.
或是只在孩子做错事的时候关心他们。
Studies have shown that about 30% of our anxiety can be traced to our own genetics,
研究表明约30%的焦虑症可追溯至基因层面，
but the other 70% is influenced by experience and upbringing.
而其他70%的焦虑症受经历和养育方式的影响。
Even 10-month old babies can pick up on negative behaviors from a parent and avoid things that their parents have behaved negatively towards, Davey explains.
戴维解释道，即便是10个月大的婴儿也会模仿父母的消极行为，并避免他们父母消极对待的事物。
This probably stays with kids through their childhood and is likely to override any contrary explanations given by the parent.
这或许在童年中会一直伴随着他们，他们还可能会推翻父母给出的任何相反的解释。
Vicarious learning is a significant way in which children pick up anxieties throughout childhood.
替代学习是孩子们在童年患上焦虑的一种显著方式。
Many non-human animals also learn their fears by watching other conspecifics behaving fearfully, so it's quite a common mechanism in nature.
许多非人类动物也会通过观察其他同种个体的害怕行为来学习恐惧，所以这是自然中的普遍机制。
A parent will need a very convincing argument to dissuade an offspring not to be fearful of something they've seen someone else behaving fearfully of too.
父母需要一个非常有说服力的观点才能说服孩子不要去害怕那些让别人表现出害怕的事物。
Graham clearly shows how parents have a massive impact on what experiences children will take from the world around them.
格拉哈姆明确表明，对孩子经历有着巨大影响的父母们是如何剥夺孩子周围的世界的。
If you convince a child that something should be feared, even if you don't intend to, then they will be more likely to fear it as well.
如果你让一个孩子相信这个东西是可怕的，即使你并非有意为之，那么他们很可能也会害怕这个东西。
It is good to allow a child to experience things in their own way, instead of removing all risks that they may face,
应该让孩子们用自己的方式体验世界，而不是抵挡所有他们可能会面临的危险，
although it is understandable to want to protect your child.
想要保护孩子的心还是可以理解的。
Parenting is a difficult thing, but as long as you're there for your child and ready to help when needed, you'll be just fine.
父母养育孩子是一件困难的事，但是只要你在孩子身边并在他们需要帮助的时候帮助他们，就可以了。
Be sure to check out Davey's article on his Psychology Today blog, "Helicopter, Snowplow and Bubble-Wrap Parenting" to learn more about this topic
一定去看看戴维的博客文章《直升机式、扫雪机式以及气泡布式父母》
and be on the lookout for his new book "The Anxiety Epidemic" due to be published by Little Brown books in 2018
注意戴维的新书《焦虑症流行》将于2018年出版
What are your thoughts about anxiety and parenting? Be sure to comment below
你对焦虑症和教育方式有何想法？请在下方评论
and as always, like and subscribe if you'd like to see more content from Psych2go. Thanks for watching.
还有如果喜欢本期内容，请点赞并订阅。感谢收看。
