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Compounding the problem is a social-psychological phenomenon called "stereotype threat."
把问题往复杂了说，这就是“成见威胁”。
Social scientists have observed that when members of a group are made aware of a negative stereotype,
社会科学家们已经注意到，当一个群体的成员形成一种负面的固有认知后，
they are more likely to perform according to that stereotype.
他们可能更倾向于按照这种认知行动。
For example, stereotypically, boys are better at math and science than girls.
比如，人们会带有成见地认为，男孩在数学和理科领域比女孩更擅长。
When girls are reminded of their gender before a math or science test,
当在一场数学或理科科目考试前被提醒了自己的性别时，
even by something as simple as checking off an M or F box at the top of the test, they perform worse.
哪怕只是在试卷上方加上“男”或“女”的性别选项，女孩的考试成绩就会变差。
Stereotype threat discourages girls and women from entering technical fields and is one of the key reasons that so few study computer science.
女性对技术领域望而却步，而且学习计算机科学的女孩如此稀少，成见威胁也是重要原因之一。
As a Facebook summer intern once told me, "In my school's computer science department, there are more Daves than girls."
脸谱网的一位暑期实习生曾对我说过，他所在的系里连叫“戴维”的男生的人数都比女生人数多。
The stereotype of a working woman is rarely attractive.
一个职业女性的固有形象对人们来说是没什么吸引力的。
Popular culture has long portrayed successful working women as so consumed by their careers that they have no personal life
长久以来，流行文化将成功的职业女性刻画成疲于工作而且没有个人生活的女强人形象。
(think Sigourney Weaver in Working Girl and Sandra Bullock in The Proposal).
你可以想想电影《上班女郎》里的西格尼·韦弗，还有《假结婚》里的桑德拉·布洛克。
If a female character divides her time between work and family,
如果一个女性不得不在工作和家庭之间往返奔波，
she is almost always harried and guilt ridden (think Sarah Jessica Parker in I Don't Know How She Does It).
那么她肯定是一副受尽折磨并且负罪深重的样子。想想《凯特的外遇日记》里的莎拉·杰西卡·帕克你就知道了。
And these characterizations have moved beyond fiction.
这类刻板印象已经不限于虚构了：
