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If you’ve ever played Oregon Trail, you know human history is full of terrible diseases.
如果你玩过《俄勒冈之旅》，你就知道人类历史充满可怕的疾病。
Thankfully, better hygiene and knowledge of how disease spreads have turned many of these plagues into distant memories.
多亏了现在良好的卫生状况以及对疾病传播的深入了解，才使得这些瘟疫变为遥远的记忆。
The most famous of them is smallpox, because it was the target of the world's first vaccine and the first disease to be eradicated.
最著名的瘟疫就是天花，因为世界上诞生的第一支疫苗就是天花疫苗，天花也是人类根除的首个疾病。
The last major smallpox outbreak in the United States happened in 1947,
天花最后一次爆发于1947年的美国，
where the virus was unleashed on the busy, people-packed streets of New York City.
病毒释放于纽约繁华拥挤的街道之中。
But thanks to some good disease control, only 12 people got sick.
但由于良好的疾病控制，仅有12人感染。
Which, considering that millions of people lived in New York, is pretty impressive.
考虑到生活在纽约的人口有百万之多，这场疾病的控制还是相当不错的。
Smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is named for the small,
天花是由天花病毒引起并
blister-like lesions that form all over an infected person's skin.
以其小且似水泡状的病变而命名，感染者的皮肤会长满这种水泡。
Historians believe it originated at least 3000 years ago in northeast Africa and spread across the world through trade, war, and colonization.
历史学家认为天花起源于至少三千年前的非洲北部并通过贸易、战争和殖民向世界传播。
And wherever it went, it caused fevers, rashes, and death.
天花所到之处，皆会引起发烧、疹子和死亡。
It was easily spread through coughing or sneezing up virus-laden fluids, and nearly 30% of those who caught it died.
天花很容易通过咳嗽或打喷嚏时喷出的携带病毒的液体传播，近30%的感染者因而死亡。
Survivors were often left blind, sterile and disfigured by horrible pustule scars.
幸存者往往会失明、不育并因可怕的脓疱伤疤而毁容。
In the 20th century alone, estimates say smallpox killed at least 300 million people around the world.
估算仅在20世纪，全球死于天花的至少就有三亿人。
So basically, no one misses you, smallpox.
所以天花啊，可没人想念你。
Still, early doctors realized pretty quickly that smallpox survivors were protected against later outbreaks.
早期的医生们很快就意识到天花幸存者能够抵抗随后爆发的天花。
So as early as 2000 years ago, they developed the practice of variolation,
早在两千年前，他们就开发了天花接种试验，
where they intentionally infected people with material from survivors' pustule scabs to give them immunity.
他们故意让一些人感染来自幸存者脓疱疤痕中的物质以给予他们免疫力。
Usually, that meant either scratching the scab into their arm or crushing and inhaling it.
通常这意味着要么抓破或挤破手臂上的水泡并将物质吸入。
For the most part, that worked, and was much safer than contracting the disease naturally.
这样多半都能起到作用且比自然接触疾病要更加安全。
But it still gave people many of the unpleasant symptoms and 1-2% of them still died.
但这样还是让参与者出现了不乐观的症状，1%-2%的参与者死亡。
A breakthrough finally came in 1796 when an English doctor named Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine
1796年重大突破终于到来，一位名叫Edward Jenner的英国医生开发了天花疫苗
which was also the first successful vaccine in history.
这也是历史上第一支成功开发的疫苗。
Instead of using smallpox, Jenner's procedure used material from cattle infected with cowpox,
Jenner并没有使用天花，而是利用来自于感染了牛痘的牛身上的物质，
which is another, much milder disease caused by a virus from the small family as smallpox.
这是另一种由天花小家族病毒引起的更加温和的疾病。
He found that injecting someone with the cowpox disease made them immune to smallpox,
他发现注射牛痘疾病的人对天花有免疫力，
and called this process vaccination, from the Latin word for cow: vacca.
他将这种接种流程称为：vacca（来自于拉丁语指奶牛）。
The era of the vaccine had begun.
疫苗时代由此开始。
By 1947, thanks to vaccines, smallpox was much less common in Europe and the Americas, but was still widespread elsewhere.
多亏了这些疫苗，到1947年，天花在欧洲和美洲已并不常见了，但在世界其他地方仍十分广泛。
Travelers could catch the disease in places that didn't practice widespread vaccination,
旅游的人可能在那些没有接受广泛接种疫苗的地方感染天花，
and, along with their souvenir T-shirts, bring it home to infect their community.
病毒可能会附到他们的纪念体恤衫上，并将它们带回家中感染他们周围的人。
That's what happened in New York City.
纽约市就发生了这种情况。
In March, a couple that had been traveling in Mexico returned home,
三月，一对夫妻从墨西哥旅游回家，
and, shortly afterwards, the husband developed a fever and rash, and was soon hospitalized.
很快，丈夫就开始发烧起疹子，接着就住进了医院。
Unfortunately, doctors made several incorrect diagnoses,
不幸的是，医生们做出了非常错误的诊断，
and no one realized the man had smallpox until he died and an autopsy revealed the truth.
没人意识到这个男人感染的是天花，直到他死后，验尸官揭开了真相。
At that time, the occasional case of smallpox wasn't unheard of in the U.S., but this time, others started getting sick.
那时，天花的偶然病例在美国还闻所未闻，但这一次，其他人也开始生病。
So the city's health officials urged the entire population to get vaccinated.
所以，纽约市卫生官员敦促市民接种疫苗。
But considering almost 8 million people lived in New York at the time, it wasn't exactly an easy project.
但考虑到那时有接近八百万人住在纽约，全民接种疫苗工程浩大。
Somehow, private labs, military reserves, and city officials were able to supply 1.2 million vaccines within the first 10 days of the outbreak,
在瘟疫爆发的前十天内，私人实验室、军队储备处以及市政府能够供应120万份疫苗
and people lined up around the block to get them.
市民们在这些区域排队接种。
Before the end of the campaign, at least 2.5 million vaccines were distributed,
在瘟疫结束前，分发疫苗至少250万支，
and this event is considered one of our greatest public health achievements.
此次事件被认为是最伟大的公共健康成就之一。
During the hype, there were periodic shortages of the vaccine, which caused unrest and set the stage for scammers.
在大肆宣扬接种疫苗期间，由于疫苗定期短缺而引发动乱并为诈骗埋下祸根。
One woman even dressed as a nurse and fake-vaccinated 500 people with water so she could impress a suitor.
一名女性甚至打扮成护士，用水充当疫苗为500人接种，只为给打动一名追求者。
Which is a strange and terrible way to get a date.
这可真是一种怪异且糟糕的找对象方式。
Thankfully, most of the shortages and schemes happened after the outbreak was contained.
幸运的是，大部分短缺和计划发生时，瘟疫已得到控制。
And by the end of it all, only 12 people were infected, and only two died.
瘟疫结束，被感染者仅12人，死亡人数仅2人。
The disease was primarily contained using ring vaccination,
此疾病主要通过包围接种而得到控制，
where officials track down and vaccinate anyone who had contact with confirmed patients.
官方追捕并让那些与确认感染者有接触的人进行接种。
This technique is particularly effective for viruses like smallpox,
这种方法对于天花这类的病毒尤为有效，
because by the time someone has enough copies of the virus in their body to become contagious, they're too sick to move around much.
因为那时一些人体内已含有足够病毒变体且会变为传染性病体，他们病得很严重而无法四处走动。
After the New York outbreak, there was only more, smaller outbreak in Texas in 1949, where one person was killed,
纽约大爆发之后，仅在1949年的德克萨斯爆发过小规模天花瘟疫，一人死亡，
but it was considered eradicated from the U.S. in 1952.
但直到1952年，天花才被认为完全从美国消除。
Then, in the 1960s, the World Health Organization began its global eradication campaign.
之后1960年代，世界卫生组织开始进行全球根除运动。
Since vaccinating every single person would be both expensive and really time-consuming,
每人接种既昂贵又耗时，
officials began containing outbreaks with the same ring vaccination technique that stopped the New York outbreak.
官方开始利用与阻止纽约瘟疫爆发的相同包围接种方法。
And after that, it was only a matter of time before the disease became effectively extinct.
此后，有效灭绝只是时间问题。
The last naturally occurring case of smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977,
最后一次天花自然爆发的案例发生于1977年的索马里，
when someone traveled with two smallpox patients and caught the disease himself.
有人和两名天花患者一同旅行，故而自己也染上了天花。
And the good news is, he made a full recovery and went on to dedicate his life to eradicating polio.
好消息是他完全康复了并将其一生奉献于根除小儿麻痹症。
The final death from smallpox happened in 1978 after a lab accident, but after that, it was all over.
最后一次天花死亡发生于1978年一次实验室事故之后，在那之后，天花已完全根除。
And just to be safe, all remaining research stocks of the virus are now kept in two restricted locations, one in the United States and one in Russia.
安全起见，所有剩下的实验室病毒储存如今都被存于两个受限制接触区，一个在美国，一个在俄罗斯。
Many countries keep vaccines in reserve to protect against any future outbreak, but there hasn't been one for four decades.
许多国家都储存有接种疫苗用于对抗未来天花的爆发，但四十年来，天花都未曾爆发。
And in 2018 the world will celebrate its 40th year with no deaths from smallpox.
2018年就是根除天花四十周年。
Thanks to efforts like the massive vaccination campaign in New York City,
多亏了纽约市大规模接种运动的努力，
we turned what might have been the world's deadliest plague into a historical footnote,
我们将世界上最致命的瘟疫转化为了一次历史性脚注，
and I think most of us can agree that that's pretty awesome.
我认为大多数人都觉得这很棒。
And now it's time for an exciting announcement!
下面宣布一个令人激动的消息！
We know that it can be hard to figure out what to get people for Christmas. Or to figure out what you want.
为大家挑礼物是很难的事情
So, we're trying out a new thing.
所以，我们想出了一个新花招。
We've created a store with a limited list of objects that we have in very limited quantity.
我们有一个限量礼物小仓库。
These are cool, weird things that will help you learn, experiment on yourself, or display your enthusiasm for your universe.
都是超酷且古怪的东西，能够帮助你学习、做实验或是展现你对宇宙的热情。
It's called SciShow Finds. And it's a little portal to some artifacts of this universe that we really love!
这个小仓库叫做SciShow Finds。这是通往宇宙小物件的小通道。
We'll add new finds...as we find them.
我们会随时往仓库里添加新东西。
And the new ones will replace these ones, so all of these products are only available for a limited time.
仓库中将会有新礼物进行替换，所以所有这些礼物都是限时的哟
And when you buy from SciShow Finds, you're also supporting SciShow, which is awesome! Check it out at SciShowFinds.com.
从SciShow Finds进行购买，支持科学秀。登录SciShowFinds.com。
