6. When you know exactly what you are going to say, reduce it to outline notes. Rehearse your talk again, this time from the outline notes. Make sure you can find your way easily from the outline notes to the full notes in case you forget something.

7. At the seminar, speak from the outline notes. But bring both sets of notes and your original paper to the meeting. Knowing that you have a full set of notes available will be good for your self-confidence.

8. Look at your audience while you are speaking. The technique to use is this. First read the appropriate parts of your notes silently, if you are using outline notes, this won't take you long.

Then look up at your audience and say what you have to say. Never speak while you are still reading. While you are looking at your audience, try to judge what they are thinking. Are they following you? you will never make contact with your audience if your eyes are fixed on the paper in front of you.

9. Make a strong ending. One good way of doing this is to repeat your main points briefly and invite questions or comments.

Perhaps I can sum up by saying this. Remember that listening is very different from reading. Something that is going to be listened to has therefore got to be prepared in a different way from something that is intended to be read.