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That was some of the general concerns.
这些是总体性的考虑
More specifically focussing on torture, it came into focus er, in Chile in '72 when,
更具体地来说 专注折磨 是在1972年的智利
er Pinochet overthrew er Salvador Allende and there was widespread persecution
皮尔切特推翻了萨尔瓦多.阿连德的统治 大规模展开迫害行动以后
and the mental health community in Chile was sophisticated enough to respond and
智利的心理健康群体 面对非常复杂的局面
try to focus on what you have to do to help people recover from torture.
做自己力所能及的事情 来帮助人们从酷刑中恢复过来
This spread to Argentina to Central America and to many, many other countries.
这进一步延伸到阿根廷和中美洲 以及很多很多别的国家
In the um, er in the 70's there was a, an influx of refugees coming from Southeast Asia,
在70年代有大批难民 从东南亚逃难到美国的
and both on the East coast and the West coast Oregon and in Massachusetts were efforts to address their traumatisation.
东西海岸 在俄勒冈州和马赛诸塞州 有人想要减轻他们的创伤和痛苦
In the er, in the 80's in Copenhagen the first centre for victims of torture was started er, in Copenhagen.
在80年代的哥本哈根 第一个酷刑受害者中心开始于哥本哈根
Then in Toronto in '83 another one, in Minneapolis the first one in the US and
1983年另一个中心在多伦多开设 美国的第一个中心是在明尼阿波利斯市
In Chicago coming out of a University of Chicago conference that was held, er,
1987年在芝加哥大学召开了 大会之后
and out of that came the Kovler Center which has been working for 20 years which is the background that I bring to this.
诞生了卡弗勒中心 我们20多年来致力于这项工作 这些就是我要介绍的背景知识
