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Young Gaius's mother advised him to stay back in Greece and keep studying his philosophy and avoid getting killed.
小盖乌斯的母亲劝他留在希腊继续学习哲学，避免被杀害。
But nobody, as it turned out, told Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus what to do.
但是没人告诉盖乌斯·朱利叶斯·凯撒·屋大维应该做什么，
Within half a year young Octavian Caesar had formed the Second Triumvirate with Marc Antony and a nitwit named Lepidus.
半年后年轻的屋大维·凯撒已经和马克·安东尼以及一个叫李必达的愚蠢之人组成了后三头同盟。
Within two years, by forty two BC, the assassins and the Senatorial faction had been defeated for good.
两年后，即公元前42年，他们彻底击败了凯撒的刺杀者和元老院派系。
By thirty one BC, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, or Octavian as he is better known,
到了公元前31年，盖乌斯·朱利叶斯·凯撒屋大维(通常被称为屋大维)
was master of the entire Roman world and free at last to begin really solving Rome's political problems.
已经是整个罗马世界的领袖，终于可以开始真正自如地解决罗马的政治问题，
And then my friend you die, that's it.
这，我的朋友就是罗马共和国的结束。
Segment ten E: Conclusions.
第十部分E:结论
One. Reigns of Terror.
一: 恐怖统治，
In its last century the Roman Republic experienced terrorism, organized and unorganized, from without and within.
罗马共和国的最后一个世纪经历了有组织或者无组织的外来的或者内部的恐怖主义。
King Mithridates's murder, in eighty eight BC, of eighty thousand Romans in the province of Asia ended one civil war,
公元前88年米特里达提在亚细亚省屠杀了8万罗马人结束了第一场内战，
the Social War, and set off another one between Sulla and Marius to see which of them would lead the Roman army.
即社会公战，并引发了另一场苏拉和马略之间争夺罗马军队领导权的战争，
Sulla's victory in the civil war that he fought on returning to Italy,
苏拉回到意大利后在内战中取得胜利，
was followed by mass murder of wealthy citizens,
接着大批杀害富有公民，
the so-called proscriptions, and a three-year dictatorship.
即所谓的死刑公告，并且苏拉开始了三年的独裁。
During the time of the First Triumvirate, rival gangs roamed the streets of Rome, sometimes in the pay of politicians and sometimes they were just freelancing.
在前三头同盟期间，罗马街头帮派四起，这些帮派有时收受政治家钱财办事，有时肆意起事。
Even the triumvir, Pompey himself, had to stay home sometimes, and this in a time of supposed peace.
即使是三头之一的庞培自己，有时也得足不出户避险，这还是在被看做和平的时期。
When Caesar and Pompey began their civil war in forty nine BC,
公元前49年凯撒和庞培开始内战时，
Romans could be excused for expecting things to get nasty, but Caesar's remarkable policy of clementia, or clemency, limited the collateral damage.
罗马人可以不必担心事态变得可怕，因为凯撒不可思议的仁慈政策限制了战争的附带损害。
Rome however was not out of the woods just yet.
但是罗马还没有脱离危险。
Caesar's death in forty four led to yet more public suffering.
44年凯撒的死给公众带来了更多的磨难。
It would take a rare leader indeed to extract Rome from this mess.
确实需要极为英明的领导者才能将罗马拖出这混乱的境地。
Two. Men versus Society
二: 个人与社会之争
Since the first Western historians were affluent upper-class males,
由于西方第一批历史学家都是富裕的上流社会男性，
Western history has all too often been fixated on the military and political antics of affluent, upper-class males.
西方历史学一直以来只着眼于富裕的上流社会男性的军事和政治行为，
No argument there.
这是没有争议的
The Roman Republic was constructed in a way that restricted effective political power to wealthy citizen males,
罗马共和国初建时就将有效政治权利限制在富裕的男性公民之间
and in its dying years it was controlled by a very small circle of wealthy citizen males.
在共和国最后时期，国家政治被一小圈富裕男性公民控制。
Then it was controlled three wealthy citizen males and ultimately by one wealthy citizen male named Julius Cesar.
然后被三位富裕男性公民控制，最终被一名富裕男性公民，即朱利叶斯·凯撒控制。
Yet the interplay of the First Triumvirate at the end of the Roman Republic is crucial to understanding its demise.
但是罗马共和国末期前三头同盟的相互作用对理解共和国的陨落极为重要。
